File: bsearch.rdoc [Ruby 3.1.0]

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Binary Searching

A few Ruby methods support binary searching in a collection:

Array#bsearch: Returns an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.
Array#bsearch_index: Returns the index of an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.
Range#bsearch: Returns an element selected via a binary search as determined by a given block.

Each of these methods returns an enumerator if no block is given.

Given a block, each of these methods returns an element (or element index) from self as determined by a binary search. The search finds an element of self which meets the given condition in O(log n) operations, where n is the count of elements. self should be sorted, but this is not checked.

There are two search modes:

Find-minimum mode: method bsearch returns the first element for which the block returns true; the block must return true or false.
Find-any mode: method bsearch some element, if any, for which the block returns zero. the block must return a numeric value.

The block should not mix the modes by sometimes returning true or false and other times returning a numeric value, but this is not checked.

Find-Minimum Mode

In find-minimum mode, the block must return true or false. The further requirement (though not checked) is that there are no indexes i and j such that:

0 <= i < j <= self.size.
The block returns true for self[i] and false for self[j].

Less formally: the block is such that all false-evaluating elements precede all true-evaluating elements.

In find-minimum mode, method bsearch returns the first element for which the block returns true.

Examples:

a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
a.bsearch {|x| x >= 4 } # => 4
a.bsearch {|x| x >= 6 } # => 7
a.bsearch {|x| x >= -1 } # => 0
a.bsearch {|x| x >= 100 } # => nil

r = (0...a.size)
r.bsearch {|i| a[i] >= 4 } #=> 1
r.bsearch {|i| a[i] >= 6 } #=> 2
r.bsearch {|i| a[i] >= 8 } #=> 3
r.bsearch {|i| a[i] >= 100 } #=> nil
r = (0.0...Float::INFINITY)
r.bsearch {|x| Math.log(x) >= 0 } #=> 1.0

These blocks make sense in find-minimum mode:

a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
a.map {|x| x >= 4 } # => [false, true, true, true, true]
a.map {|x| x >= 6 } # => [false, false, true, true, true]
a.map {|x| x >= -1 } # => [true, true, true, true, true]
a.map {|x| x >= 100 } # => [false, false, false, false, false]

This would not make sense:

a.map {|x| x == 7 } # => [false, false, true, false, false]

Find-Any Mode

In find-any mode, the block must return a numeric value. The further requirement (though not checked) is that there are no indexes i and j such that:

0 <= i < j <= self.size.
The block returns a negative value for self[i] and a positive value for self[j].
The block returns a negative value for self[i] and zero self[j].
The block returns zero for self[i] and a positive value for self[j].

Less formally: the block is such that:

All positive-evaluating elements precede all zero-evaluating elements.
All positive-evaluating elements precede all negative-evaluating elements.
All zero-evaluating elements precede all negative-evaluating elements.

In find-any mode, method bsearch returns some element for which the block returns zero, or nil if no such element is found.

Examples:

a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
a.bsearch {|element| 7 <=> element } # => 7
a.bsearch {|element| -1 <=> element } # => nil
a.bsearch {|element| 5 <=> element } # => nil
a.bsearch {|element| 15 <=> element } # => nil

a = [0, 100, 100, 100, 200]
r = (0..4)
r.bsearch {|i| 100 - a[i] } #=> 1, 2 or 3
r.bsearch {|i| 300 - a[i] } #=> nil
r.bsearch {|i|  50 - a[i] } #=> nil

These blocks make sense in find-any mode:

a = [0, 4, 7, 10, 12]
a.map {|element| 7 <=> element } # => [1, 1, 0, -1, -1]
a.map {|element| -1 <=> element } # => [-1, -1, -1, -1, -1]
a.map {|element| 5 <=> element } # => [1, 1, -1, -1, -1]
a.map {|element| 15 <=> element } # => [1, 1, 1, 1, 1]

This would not make sense:

a.map {|element| element <=> 7 } # => [-1, -1, 0, 1, 1]