Bundler provides a consistent environment for Ruby projects by tracking and installing the exact gems and versions that are needed.
Since Ruby 2.6, Bundler is a part of Ruby's standard library.
Bunder is used by creating gemfiles listing all the project dependencies and (optionally) their versions and then using
require 'bundler/setup'
or ::setup to setup environment where only specified gems and their specified versions could be used.
See Bundler website for extensive documentation on gemfiles creation and Bundler usage.
As a standard library inside project, Bundler could be used for introspection of loaded and required modules.
This code was extracted from github.com/Solistra/ruby-digest which is under public domain
TSort implements topological sorting using Tarjan's algorithm for strongly connected components.
TSort is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be interpreted as a directed graph.
TSort requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph, tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.
tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.
The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since TSort uses Hash internally.
The following example demonstrates how to mix the TSort module into an existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we're treating each key in the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required tsort_each_node method to Hash's each_key method. For each key in the hash, the associated value is an array of the node's child nodes. This choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required tsort_each_child method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that array using the user-supplied block.
require 'tsort' class Hash include TSort alias tsort_each_node each_key def tsort_each_child(node, &block) fetch(node).each(&block) end end {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort #=> [3, 2, 1, 4] {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
A very simple `make' like tool can be implemented as follows:
require 'tsort' class Make def initialize @dep = {} @dep.default = [] end def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block) triple = [outputs, inputs, block] outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]} @dep[triple] = inputs end def build(target) each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns| if ns.length != 1 fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n} raise TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}") end n = ns.first if Array === n outputs, inputs, block = n inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max begin outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min rescue Errno::ENOENT outputs_time = nil end if outputs_time == nil || inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i block.call end end } end def tsort_each_child(node, &block) @dep[node].each(&block) end include TSort end def command(arg) print arg, "\n" system arg end m = Make.new m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' } m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' } m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' } m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' } m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' } m.build('t5')
'tsort.rb' is wrong name because this library uses Tarjan's algorithm for strongly connected components. Although 'strongly_connected_components.rb' is correct but too long.
Tarjan, “Depth First Search and Linear Graph Algorithms”,
SIAM Journal on Computing, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.
Returns uri converted to an Bundler::URI object.
# File bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb, line 669
def URI(uri)
if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic)
uri
elsif uri = String.try_convert(uri)
Bundler::URI.parse(uri)
else
raise ArgumentError,
"bad argument (expected Bundler::URI object or Bundler::URI string)"
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 308
def app_cache(custom_path = nil)
path = custom_path || root
Pathname.new(path).join(settings.app_cache_path)
end
# File bundler.rb, line 294
def app_config_path
if app_config = ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"]
app_config_pathname = Pathname.new(app_config)
if app_config_pathname.absolute?
app_config_pathname
else
app_config_pathname.expand_path(root)
end
else
root.join(".bundle")
end
end
Returns absolute location of where binstubs are installed to.
# File bundler.rb, line 104
def bin_path
@bin_path ||= begin
path = settings[:bin] || "bin"
path = Pathname.new(path).expand_path(root).expand_path
SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path) {|p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) }
path
end
end
Returns absolute path of where gems are installed on the filesystem.
# File bundler.rb, line 95
def bundle_path
@bundle_path ||= Pathname.new(configured_bundle_path.path).expand_path(root)
end
# File bundler/version.rb, line 5
def self.bundler_major_version
@bundler_major_version ||= VERSION.split(".").first.to_i
end
@deprecated Use `unbundled_env` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 342
def clean_env
Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
2,
"`Bundler.clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env`",
:print_caller_location => true
)
unbundled_env
end
@deprecated Use `unbundled_exec` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 429
def clean_exec(*args)
Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
2,
"`Bundler.clean_exec` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec`",
:print_caller_location => true
)
with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
end
@deprecated Use `unbundled_system` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 407
def clean_system(*args)
Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
2,
"`Bundler.clean_system` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system`",
:print_caller_location => true
)
with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.system(*args) }
end
# File bundler.rb, line 594
def clear_gemspec_cache
@gemspec_cache = {}
end
# File bundler.rb, line 81
def configure
@configured ||= configure_gem_home_and_path
end
# File bundler.rb, line 640
def configure_gem_home_and_path(path = bundle_path)
configure_gem_path
configure_gem_home(path)
Bundler.rubygems.clear_paths
end
# File bundler.rb, line 99
def configured_bundle_path
@configured_bundle_path ||= settings.path.tap(&:validate!)
end
Returns current version of Ruby
@return [CurrentRuby] Current version of Ruby
# File bundler/current_ruby.rb, line 6
def self.current_ruby
@current_ruby ||= CurrentRuby.new
end
# File bundler.rb, line 458
def default_bundle_dir
SharedHelpers.default_bundle_dir
end
# File bundler.rb, line 450
def default_gemfile
SharedHelpers.default_gemfile
end
# File bundler.rb, line 454
def default_lockfile
SharedHelpers.default_lockfile
end
Returns an instance of Bundler::Definition for given Gemfile and lockfile
@param unlock [Hash, Boolean, nil] Gems that have been requested
to be updated or true if all gems should be updated
@return [Bundler::Definition]
# File bundler.rb, line 192
def definition(unlock = nil)
@definition = nil if unlock
@definition ||= begin
configure
Definition.build(default_gemfile, default_lockfile, unlock)
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 182
def environment
SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load", :print_caller_location => true
load
end
# File bundler.rb, line 603
def feature_flag
@feature_flag ||= FeatureFlag.new(VERSION)
end
# File bundler.rb, line 200
def frozen_bundle?
frozen = settings[:deployment]
frozen ||= settings[:frozen]
frozen
end
# File bundler.rb, line 598
def git_present?
return @git_present if defined?(@git_present)
@git_present = Bundler.which("git") || Bundler.which("git.exe")
end
# File bundler.rb, line 276
def install_path
home.join("gems")
end
# File bundler.rb, line 178
def load
@load ||= Runtime.new(root, definition)
end
# File bundler.rb, line 567
def load_gemspec(file, validate = false)
@gemspec_cache ||= {}
key = File.expand_path(file)
@gemspec_cache[key] ||= load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate)
# Protect against caching side-effected gemspecs by returning a
# new instance each time.
@gemspec_cache[key].dup if @gemspec_cache[key]
end
# File bundler.rb, line 576
def load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate = false)
path = Pathname.new(file)
contents = read_file(file)
spec = if contents.start_with?("---") # YAML header
eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents)
else
# Eval the gemspec from its parent directory, because some gemspecs
# depend on "./" relative paths.
SharedHelpers.chdir(path.dirname.to_s) do
eval_gemspec(path, contents)
end
end
return unless spec
spec.loaded_from = path.expand_path.to_s
Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec) if validate
spec
end
# File bundler.rb, line 561
def load_marshal(data)
Marshal.load(data)
rescue StandardError => e
raise MarshalError, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
end
# File bundler.rb, line 445
def local_platform
return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform] || Gem.platforms == [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
Gem::Platform.local
end
# File bundler.rb, line 206
def locked_gems
@locked_gems ||=
if defined?(@definition) && @definition
definition.locked_gems
elsif Bundler.default_lockfile.file?
lock = Bundler.read_file(Bundler.default_lockfile)
LockfileParser.new(lock)
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 507
def mkdir_p(path, options = {})
if requires_sudo? && !options[:no_sudo]
sudo "mkdir -p '#{path}'" unless File.exist?(path)
else
SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :write) do |p|
FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
end
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 216
def most_specific_locked_platform?(platform)
return false unless defined?(@definition) && @definition
definition.most_specific_locked_platform == platform
end
@return [Hash] Environment present before Bundler was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 337
def original_env
ORIGINAL_ENV.clone
end
Run a `Kernel.exec` to a subcommand with the environment present before Bundler was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 424
def original_exec(*args)
with_original_env { Kernel.exec(*args) }
end
Run subcommand with the environment present before Bundler was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 402
def original_system(*args)
with_original_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
end
# File bundler.rb, line 471
def preferred_gemfile_name
Bundler.settings[:init_gems_rb] ? "gems.rb" : "Gemfile"
end
# File bundler.rb, line 555
def read_file(file)
SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file, :read) do
File.open(file, "r:UTF-8", &:read)
end
end
Setups Bundler environment (see ::setup) if it is not already set, and loads all gems from groups specified. Unlike ::setup, can be called multiple times with different groups (if they were allowed by setup).
Assuming Gemfile
gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0' group :test do gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0' end
The code will work as follows:
Bundler.setup # allow all groups Bundler.require(:default) # requires only first_gem # ...later Bundler.require(:test) # requires second_gem
# File bundler.rb, line 174
def require(*groups)
setup(*groups).require(*groups)
end
# File bundler/vendored_thor.rb, line 3
def self.require_thor_actions
require_relative "vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions"
end
# File bundler.rb, line 479
def requires_sudo?
return @requires_sudo if defined?(@requires_sudo_ran)
sudo_present = which "sudo" if settings.allow_sudo?
if sudo_present
# the bundle path and subdirectories need to be writable for RubyGems
# to be able to unpack and install gems without exploding
path = bundle_path
path = path.parent until path.exist?
# bins are written to a different location on OS X
bin_dir = Pathname.new(Bundler.system_bindir)
bin_dir = bin_dir.parent until bin_dir.exist?
# if any directory is not writable, we need sudo
files = [path, bin_dir] | Dir[bundle_path.join("build_info/*").to_s] | Dir[bundle_path.join("*").to_s]
unwritable_files = files.reject {|f| File.writable?(f) }
sudo_needed = !unwritable_files.empty?
if sudo_needed
Bundler.ui.warn "Following files may not be writable, so sudo is needed:\n #{unwritable_files.map(&:to_s).sort.join("\n ")}"
end
end
@requires_sudo_ran = true
@requires_sudo = settings.allow_sudo? && sudo_present && sudo_needed
end
# File bundler.rb, line 607
def reset!
reset_paths!
Plugin.reset!
reset_rubygems!
end
# File bundler.rb, line 618
def reset_paths!
@bin_path = nil
@bundler_major_version = nil
@bundle_path = nil
@configured = nil
@configured_bundle_path = nil
@definition = nil
@load = nil
@locked_gems = nil
@root = nil
@settings = nil
@setup = nil
@user_home = nil
end
# File bundler.rb, line 633
def reset_rubygems!
return unless defined?(@rubygems) && @rubygems
rubygems.undo_replacements
rubygems.reset
@rubygems = nil
end
# File bundler.rb, line 613
def reset_settings_and_root!
@settings = nil
@root = nil
end
# File bundler.rb, line 318
def rm_rf(path)
FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(path) if path && File.exist?(path)
rescue ArgumentError
message = <<EOF
It is a security vulnerability to allow your home directory to be world-writable, and bundler can not continue.
You should probably consider fixing this issue by running `chmod o-w ~` on *nix.
Please refer to https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.2/libdoc/fileutils/rdoc/FileUtils.html#method-c-remove_entry_secure for details.
EOF
File.world_writable?(path) ? Bundler.ui.warn(message) : raise
raise PathError, "Please fix the world-writable issue with your #{path} directory"
end
# File bundler.rb, line 284
def root
@root ||= begin
SharedHelpers.root
rescue GemfileNotFound
bundle_dir = default_bundle_dir
raise GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile or .bundle/ directory" unless bundle_dir
Pathname.new(File.expand_path("..", bundle_dir))
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 222
def ruby_scope
"#{Bundler.rubygems.ruby_engine}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}"
end
# File bundler/rubygems_integration.rb, line 580
def self.rubygems
@rubygems ||= RubygemsIntegration.new
end
# File bundler.rb, line 646
def self_manager
@self_manager ||= begin
require_relative "bundler/self_manager"
Bundler::SelfManager.new
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 330
def settings
@settings ||= Settings.new(app_config_path)
rescue GemfileNotFound
@settings = Settings.new(Pathname.new(".bundle").expand_path)
end
Turns on the Bundler runtime. After
Bundler.setup call, all load or
require of the gems would be allowed only if they are part of
the Gemfile or Ruby's standard library. If the versions specified in
Gemfile, only those versions would be loaded.
Assuming Gemfile
gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0' group :test do gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0' end
The code using ::setup works as follows:
require 'third_gem' # allowed, required from global gems require 'first_gem' # allowed, loads the last installed version Bundler.setup require 'fourth_gem' # fails with LoadError require 'second_gem' # loads exactly version 1.0
Bundler.setup can be called only once, all subsequent calls
are no-op.
If groups list is provided, only gems from specified groups would
be allowed (gems specified outside groups belong to special
:default group).
To require all gems from Gemfile (or only some groups), see ::require.
# File bundler.rb, line 140
def setup(*groups)
# Return if all groups are already loaded
return @setup if defined?(@setup) && @setup
definition.validate_runtime!
SharedHelpers.print_major_deprecations!
if groups.empty?
# Load all groups, but only once
@setup = load.setup
else
load.setup(*groups)
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 280
def specs_path
bundle_path.join("specifications")
end
# File bundler.rb, line 530
def sudo(str)
SUDO_MUTEX.synchronize do
prompt = "\n\n" + " Your user account isn't allowed to install to the system RubyGems.
You can cancel this installation and run:
bundle config set --local path 'vendor/bundle'
bundle install
to install the gems into ./vendor/bundle/, or you can enter your password
and install the bundled gems to RubyGems using sudo.
Password:
".gsub(/^ {6}/, "").strip + " "
unless @prompted_for_sudo ||= system(%Q(sudo -k -p "#{prompt}" true))
raise SudoNotPermittedError,
"Bundler requires sudo access to install at the moment. " "Try installing again, granting Bundler sudo access when prompted, or installing into a different path."
end
%x`sudo -p "#{prompt}" #{str}`
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 462
def system_bindir
# Gem.bindir doesn't always return the location that RubyGems will install
# system binaries. If you put '-n foo' in your .gemrc, RubyGems will
# install binstubs there instead. Unfortunately, RubyGems doesn't expose
# that directory at all, so rather than parse .gemrc ourselves, we allow
# the directory to be set as well, via `bundle config set --local bindir foo`.
Bundler.settings[:system_bindir] || Bundler.rubygems.gem_bindir
end
# File bundler.rb, line 313
def tmp(name = Process.pid.to_s)
Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir")
Pathname.new(Dir.mktmpdir(["bundler", name]))
end
# File bundler.rb, line 85
def ui
(defined?(@ui) && @ui) || (self.ui = UI::Shell.new)
end
# File bundler.rb, line 89
def ui=(ui)
Bundler.rubygems.ui = UI::RGProxy.new(ui)
@ui = ui
end
@return [Hash] Environment with all bundler-related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 354
def unbundled_env
env = original_env
if env.key?("BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH")
env["MANPATH"] = env["BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH"]
end
env.delete_if {|k, _| k[0, 7] == "BUNDLE_" }
if env.key?("RUBYOPT")
rubyopt = env["RUBYOPT"].split(" ")
rubyopt.delete("-r#{File.expand_path("bundler/setup", __dir__)}")
rubyopt.delete("-rbundler/setup")
env["RUBYOPT"] = rubyopt.join(" ")
end
if env.key?("RUBYLIB")
rubylib = env["RUBYLIB"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
rubylib.delete(File.expand_path("..", __FILE__))
env["RUBYLIB"] = rubylib.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
end
env
end
Run a `Kernel.exec` to a subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 441
def unbundled_exec(*args)
with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) }
end
Run subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 419
def unbundled_system(*args)
with_unbundled_env { Kernel.system(*args) }
end
# File bundler.rb, line 475
def use_system_gems?
configured_bundle_path.use_system_gems?
end
# File bundler.rb, line 250
def user_bundle_path(dir = "home")
env_var, fallback = case dir
when "home"
["BUNDLE_USER_HOME", proc { Pathname.new(user_home).join(".bundle") }]
when "cache"
["BUNDLE_USER_CACHE", proc { user_bundle_path.join("cache") }]
when "config"
["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG", proc { user_bundle_path.join("config") }]
when "plugin"
["BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN", proc { user_bundle_path.join("plugin") }]
else
raise BundlerError, "Unknown user path requested: #{dir}"
end
# `fallback` will already be a Pathname, but Pathname.new() is
# idempotent so it's OK
Pathname.new(ENV.fetch(env_var, &fallback))
end
# File bundler.rb, line 268
def user_cache
user_bundle_path("cache")
end
# File bundler.rb, line 226
def user_home
@user_home ||= begin
home = Bundler.rubygems.user_home
bundle_home = home ? File.join(home, ".bundle") : nil
warning = if home.nil?
"Your home directory is not set."
elsif !File.directory?(home)
"`#{home}` is not a directory."
elsif !File.writable?(home) && (!File.directory?(bundle_home) || !File.writable?(bundle_home))
"`#{home}` is not writable."
end
if warning
Bundler.ui.warn "#{warning}\n"
user_home = tmp_home_path
Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler will use `#{user_home}' as your home directory temporarily.\n"
user_home
else
Pathname.new(home)
end
end
end
# File bundler.rb, line 517
def which(executable)
if File.file?(executable) && File.executable?(executable)
executable
elsif paths = ENV["PATH"]
quote = '"'.freeze
paths.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).find do |path|
path = path[1..-2] if path.start_with?(quote) && path.end_with?(quote)
executable_path = File.expand_path(executable, path)
return executable_path if File.file?(executable_path) && File.executable?(executable_path)
end
end
end
@deprecated Use `with_unbundled_env` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 385
def with_clean_env
Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation(
2,
"`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env`",
:print_caller_location => true
)
with_env(unbundled_env) { yield }
end
# File bundler/friendly_errors.rb, line 100
def self.with_friendly_errors
FriendlyErrors.enable!
yield
rescue SignalException
raise
rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException
raise if FriendlyErrors.disabled?
FriendlyErrors.log_error(e)
exit FriendlyErrors.exit_status(e)
end
Run block with environment present before Bundler was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 380
def with_original_env
with_env(original_env) { yield }
end