Protocol
HTTP
client API for Ruby.¶ ↑Net::HTTP
provides a rich library which can be used to build HTTP
user-agents. For more details about HTTP
see [RFC2616](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).
Net::HTTP
is designed to work closely with URI
. URI::HTTP#host
, URI::HTTP#port
and URI::HTTP#request_uri
are designed to work with Net::HTTP
.
If you are only performing a few GET requests you should try OpenURI
.
All examples assume you have loaded Net::HTTP
with:
require 'net/http'
This will also require 'uri' so you don't need to require it separately.
The Net::HTTP
methods in the following section do not persist connections. They are not recommended if you are performing many HTTP
requests.
Net::HTTP.get('example.com', '/index.html') # => String
URI
¶ ↑uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?count=10') Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html') params = { :limit => 10, :page => 3 } uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params) res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri) puts res.body if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi') res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50') puts res.body
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi') res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50') puts res.body
Net::HTTP
¶ ↑The following example code can be used as the basis of an HTTP
user-agent which can perform a variety of request types using persistent connections.
uri = URI('http://example.com/some_path?query=string') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object end
Net::HTTP::start
immediately creates a connection to an HTTP
server which is kept open for the duration of the block. The connection will remain open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it supports persistent connections.
If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP
requests without automatically closing it you can use ::new
and then call start
and finish
manually.
The request types Net::HTTP
supports are listed below in the section “HTTP Request Classes”.
For all the Net::HTTP
request objects and shortcut request methods you may supply either a String
for the request path or a URI
from which Net::HTTP
will extract the request path.
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html') res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri) # Headers res['Set-Cookie'] # => String res.get_fields('set-cookie') # => Array res.to_hash['set-cookie'] # => Array puts "Headers: #{res.to_hash.inspect}" # Status puts res.code # => '200' puts res.message # => 'OK' puts res.class.name # => 'HTTPOK' # Body puts res.body if res.response_body_permitted?
Each Net::HTTPResponse
object belongs to a class for its response code.
For example, all 2XX responses are instances of a Net::HTTPSuccess
subclass, a 3XX response is an instance of a Net::HTTPRedirection
subclass and a 200 response is an instance of the Net::HTTPOK
class. For details of response classes, see the section “HTTP Response Classes” below.
Using a case statement you can handle various types of responses properly:
def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10) # You should choose a better exception. raise ArgumentError, 'too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0 response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri_str)) case response when Net::HTTPSuccess then response when Net::HTTPRedirection then location = response['location'] warn "redirected to #{location}" fetch(location, limit - 1) else response.value end end print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')
A POST can be made using the Net::HTTP::Post
request class. This example creates a URL encoded POST body:
uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi') req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.set_form_data('from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31') res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) do |http| http.request(req) end case res when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection # OK else res.value end
To send multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPHeader#set_form
:
req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri) req.set_form([['upload', File.open('foo.bar')]], 'multipart/form-data')
Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put
).
The following example performs a conditional GET using the If-Modified-Since header. If the files has not been modified since the time in the header a Not Modified response will be returned. See RFC 2616 section 9.3 for further details.
uri = URI('http://example.com/cached_response') file = File.stat 'cached_response' req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req['If-Modified-Since'] = file.mtime.rfc2822 res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http| http.request(req) } open 'cached_response', 'w' do |io| io.write res.body end if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
Basic authentication is performed according to [RFC2617](www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt).
uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value') req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri) req.basic_auth 'user', 'pass' res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http| http.request(req) } puts res.body
By default Net::HTTP
reads an entire response into memory. If you are handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead stream the body directly to an IO
.
uri = URI('http://example.com/large_file') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri http.request request do |response| open 'large_file', 'w' do |io| response.read_body do |chunk| io.write chunk end end end end
HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP
connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=
.
uri = URI('https://secure.example.com/some_path?query=string') Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, :use_ssl => true) do |http| request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object end
Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an URI
object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP
automatically turns on TLS verification if the URI
object has a 'https' URI
scheme.
uri = URI('https://example.com/') Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
In previous versions of Ruby you would need to require 'net/https' to use HTTPS. This is no longer true.
Net::HTTP
will automatically create a proxy from the http_proxy
environment variable if it is present. To disable use of http_proxy
, pass nil
for the proxy address.
You may also create a custom proxy:
proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host' proxy_port = 8080 Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, proxy_addr, proxy_port).start { |http| # always proxy via your.proxy.addr:8080 }
See Net::HTTP.new
for further details and examples such as proxies that require a username and password.
Net::HTTP
automatically adds Accept-Encoding for compression of response bodies and automatically decompresses gzip and deflate responses unless a Range
header was sent.
Compression can be disabled through the Accept-Encoding: identity header.
HTTP
Request Classes¶ ↑Here is the HTTP
request class hierarchy.
HTTP
Response Classes¶ ↑Here is HTTP
response class hierarchy. All classes are defined in Net
module and are subclasses of Net::HTTPResponse
.
HTTPUnknownResponse
For unhandled HTTP
extensions
HTTPInformation
1xx
HTTPContinue
100
HTTPSwitchProtocol
101
HTTPProcessing
102
HTTPEarlyHints
103
HTTPSuccess
2xx
HTTPOK
200
HTTPCreated
201
HTTPAccepted
202
HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation
203
HTTPNoContent
204
HTTPResetContent
205
HTTPPartialContent
206
HTTPMultiStatus
207
HTTPAlreadyReported
208
HTTPIMUsed
226
HTTPRedirection
3xx
HTTPMultipleChoices
300
HTTPMovedPermanently
301
HTTPFound
302
HTTPSeeOther
303
HTTPNotModified
304
HTTPUseProxy
305
HTTPTemporaryRedirect
307
HTTPPermanentRedirect
308
HTTPClientError
4xx
HTTPBadRequest
400
HTTPUnauthorized
401
HTTPPaymentRequired
402
HTTPForbidden
403
HTTPNotFound
404
HTTPMethodNotAllowed
405
HTTPNotAcceptable
406
HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired
407
HTTPRequestTimeOut
408
HTTPConflict
409
HTTPGone
410
HTTPLengthRequired
411
HTTPPreconditionFailed
412
HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge
413
HTTPRequestURITooLong
414
HTTPUnsupportedMediaType
415
HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable
416
HTTPExpectationFailed
417
HTTPMisdirectedRequest
421
HTTPUnprocessableEntity
422
HTTPLocked
423
HTTPFailedDependency
424
HTTPUpgradeRequired
426
HTTPPreconditionRequired
428
HTTPTooManyRequests
429
HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge
431
HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons
451
HTTPServerError
5xx
HTTPInternalServerError
500
HTTPNotImplemented
501
HTTPBadGateway
502
HTTPServiceUnavailable
503
HTTPGatewayTimeOut
504
HTTPVersionNotSupported
505
HTTPVariantAlsoNegotiates
506
HTTPInsufficientStorage
507
HTTPLoopDetected
508
HTTPNotExtended
510
HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired
511
There is also the Net::HTTPBadResponse exception which is raised when there is a protocol error.
Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.
The file can contain several CA certificates.
Sets an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate
object as client certificate. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL
extension).
Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the HTTP
object does not receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The default value is nil
.
Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#extra_chain_cert=
Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA
or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA
object. (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL
extension.)
Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a Net::OpenTimeout
exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
Number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
object cannot read data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::ReadTimeout
exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
Sets to check the server certificate is valid for the hostname. See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=
Sets the flags for server the certification verification at beginning of SSL/TLS session.
OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.
Number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
object cannot write data in this many seconds, it raises a Net::WriteTimeout
exception. The default value is 60 seconds. Net::WriteTimeout
is not raised on Windows.
Creates an HTTP
proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP
, but performs all access via the specified proxy.
This class is obsolete. You may pass these same parameters directly to Net::HTTP.new
. See Net::HTTP.new
for details of the arguments.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1106 def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) return self unless p_addr Class.new(self) { @is_proxy_class = true if p_addr == :ENV then @proxy_from_env = true @proxy_address = nil @proxy_port = nil else @proxy_from_env = false @proxy_address = p_addr @proxy_port = p_port || default_port end @proxy_user = p_user @proxy_pass = p_pass } end
The default port to use for HTTP
requests; defaults to 80.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 560 def HTTP.default_port http_default_port() end
Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP
response as a string. The target can either be specified as (uri
, headers
), or as (host
, path
, port
= 80); so:
print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
or:
print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
you can also specify request headers:
Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' })
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 473 def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil) get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body end
Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout. The target can either be specified as (uri
, headers
), or as (host
, path
, port
= 80); so:
Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')
or:
Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
you can also specify request headers:
Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' }
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 450 def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil) get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res| res.read_body do |chunk| $stdout.print chunk end } nil end
Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP
response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object. The target can either be specified as (uri
, headers
), or as (host
, path
, port
= 80); so:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')) print res.body
or:
res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html') print res.body
you can also specify request headers:
Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' })
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 493 def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block) if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash) host = uri_or_host path = path_or_headers new(host, port || HTTP.default_port).start {|http| return http.request_get(path, &block) } else uri = uri_or_host headers = path_or_headers start(uri.hostname, uri.port, :use_ssl => uri.scheme == 'https') {|http| return http.request_get(uri, headers, &block) } end end
The default port to use for HTTP
requests; defaults to 80.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 565 def HTTP.http_default_port 80 end
The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 570 def HTTP.https_default_port 443 end
Creates a new Net::HTTP
object without opening a TCP connection or HTTP
session.
The address
should be a DNS hostname or IP address, the port
is the port the server operates on. If no port
is given the default port for HTTP
or HTTPS is used.
If none of the p_
arguments are given, the proxy host and port are taken from the http_proxy
environment variable (or its uppercase equivalent) if present. If the proxy requires authentication you must supply it by hand. See URI::Generic#find_proxy
for details of proxy detection from the environment. To disable proxy detection set p_addr
to nil.
If you are connecting to a custom proxy, p_addr
specifies the DNS name or IP address of the proxy host, p_port
the port to use to access the proxy, p_user
and p_pass
the username and password if authorization is required to use the proxy, and p_no_proxy hosts which do not use the proxy.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 654 def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil) http = super address, port if proxy_class? then # from Net::HTTP::Proxy() http.proxy_from_env = @proxy_from_env http.proxy_address = @proxy_address http.proxy_port = @proxy_port http.proxy_user = @proxy_user http.proxy_pass = @proxy_pass elsif p_addr == :ENV then http.proxy_from_env = true else if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(p_addr, p_addr, p_port, p_no_proxy) p_addr = nil p_port = nil end http.proxy_address = p_addr http.proxy_port = p_port || default_port http.proxy_user = p_user http.proxy_pass = p_pass end http end
Creates a new Net::HTTP
object for the specified server address, without opening the TCP connection or initializing the HTTP
session. The address
should be a DNS hostname or IP address.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 682 def initialize(address, port = nil) @address = address @port = (port || HTTP.default_port) @ipaddr = nil @local_host = nil @local_port = nil @curr_http_version = HTTPVersion @keep_alive_timeout = 2 @last_communicated = nil @close_on_empty_response = false @socket = nil @started = false @open_timeout = 60 @read_timeout = 60 @write_timeout = 60 @continue_timeout = nil @max_retries = 1 @debug_output = nil @proxy_from_env = false @proxy_uri = nil @proxy_address = nil @proxy_port = nil @proxy_user = nil @proxy_pass = nil @use_ssl = false @ssl_context = nil @ssl_session = nil @sspi_enabled = false SSL_IVNAMES.each do |ivname| instance_variable_set ivname, nil end end
Posts data to the specified URI
object.
Example:
require 'net/http' require 'uri' Net::HTTP.post URI('http://www.example.com/api/search'), { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }.to_json, "Content-Type" => "application/json"
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 521 def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil) start(url.hostname, url.port, :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http| http.post(url, data, header) } end
Posts HTML form data to the specified URI
object. The form data must be provided as a Hash
mapping from String
to String
. Example:
{ "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
This method also does Basic Authentication if and only if url
.user exists. But userinfo for authentication is deprecated (RFC3986). So this feature will be removed.
Example:
require 'net/http' Net::HTTP.post_form URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'), { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 545 def HTTP.post_form(url, params) req = Post.new(url) req.form_data = params req.basic_auth url.user, url.password if url.user start(url.hostname, url.port, :use_ssl => url.scheme == 'https' ) {|http| http.request(req) } end
returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1129 def proxy_class? defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false end
Creates a new Net::HTTP
object, then additionally opens the TCP connection and HTTP
session.
Arguments are the following:
hostname or IP address of the server
port of the server
address of proxy
port of proxy
user of proxy
pass of proxy
optional hash
opt sets following values by its accessor. The keys are ipaddr, ca_file
, ca_path
, cert, cert_store
, ciphers, keep_alive_timeout
, close_on_empty_response
, key, open_timeout
, read_timeout
, write_timeout
, ssl_timeout
, ssl_version
, use_ssl, verify_callback
, verify_depth
and verify_mode. If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of verify_mode
is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.
If the optional block is given, the newly created Net::HTTP
object is passed to it and closed when the block finishes. In this case, the return value of this method is the return value of the block. If no block is given, the return value of this method is the newly created Net::HTTP
object itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion using the finish() method.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 608 def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+ arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1]) port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg p_addr = :ENV if arg.size < 2 port = https_default_port if !port && opt && opt[:use_ssl] http = new(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass) http.ipaddr = opt[:ipaddr] if opt && opt[:ipaddr] if opt if opt[:use_ssl] opt = {verify_mode: OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER}.update(opt) end http.methods.grep(/\A(\w+)=\z/) do |meth| key = $1.to_sym opt.key?(key) or next http.__send__(meth, opt[key]) end end http.start(&block) end
Turns on net/http 1.2 (Ruby 1.8) features. Defaults to ON in Ruby 1.8 or later.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 412 def HTTP.version_1_2 true end
Returns true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode. Defaults to true.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 418 def HTTP.version_1_2? true end
Setter for the continue_timeout
attribute.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 817 def continue_timeout=(sec) @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket @continue_timeout = sec end
Sends a COPY request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1398 def copy(path, initheader = nil) request(Copy.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a DELETE request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1386 def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'}) request(Delete.new(path, initheader)) end
Retrieves data from path
on the connected-to host which may be an absolute path String
or a URI
to extract the path from.
initheader
must be a Hash
like { 'Accept' => '/', … }, and it defaults to an empty hash. If initheader
doesn't have the key 'accept-encoding', then a value of “gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3” is used, so that gzip compression is used in preference to deflate compression, which is used in preference to no compression. Ruby doesn't have libraries to support the compress (Lempel-Ziv) compression, so that is not supported. The intent of this is to reduce bandwidth by default. If this routine sets up compression, then it does the decompression also, removing the header as well to prevent confusion. Otherwise it leaves the body as it found it.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.
dest
argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.
This method never raises an exception.
response = http.get('/index.html') # using block File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f| http.get('/~foo/') do |str| f.write str end }
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1286 def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+ res = nil request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r| r.read_body dest, &block res = r } res end
Gets only the header from path
on the connected-to host. header
is a Hash
like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
This method never raises an exception.
response = nil Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http| response = http.head('/index.html') } p response['content-type']
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1308 def head(path, initheader = nil) request(Head.new(path, initheader)) end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 717 def inspect "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>" end
The IP address to connect to/used to connect to
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 754 def ipaddr started? ? @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr end
Set
the IP address to connect to
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 759 def ipaddr=(addr) raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started? @ipaddr = addr end
Sends a LOCK request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1362 def lock(path, body, initheader = nil) request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body) end
Maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of Net::ReadTimeout
, IOError
, EOFError
, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
, Timeout::Error
. Should be a non-negative integer number. Zero means no retries. The default value is 1.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 789 def max_retries=(retries) retries = retries.to_int if retries < 0 raise ArgumentError, 'max_retries should be non-negative integer number' end @max_retries = retries end
Sends a MKCOL request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1404 def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil) request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body) end
Sends a MOVE request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1392 def move(path, initheader = nil) request(Move.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a OPTIONS request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1374 def options(path, initheader = nil) request(Options.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a PATCH request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1346 def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+ send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block) end
Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 945 def peer_cert if not use_ssl? or not @socket return nil end @socket.io.peer_cert end
Posts data
(must be a String
) to path
. header
must be a Hash
like { 'Accept' => '/', … }.
This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
If called with a block, yields each fragment of the entity body in turn as a string as it is read from the socket. Note that in this case, the returned response object will not contain a (meaningful) body.
dest
argument is obsolete. It still works but you must not use it.
This method never raises exception.
response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') # using block File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f| http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str| f.write str end }
You should set Content-Type: header field for POST. If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses “application/x-www-form-urlencoded” by default.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1340 def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+ send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block) end
Sends a PROPFIND request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1380 def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'}) request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body) end
Sends a PROPPATCH request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1356 def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil) request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body) end
True if requests for this connection will be proxied
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1148 def proxy? !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address) end
The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1167 def proxy_address if @proxy_from_env then proxy_uri&.hostname else @proxy_address end end
True if the proxy for this connection is determined from the environment
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1153 def proxy_from_env? @proxy_from_env end
The password of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1202 def proxy_pass if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env pass = proxy_uri&.password unescape(pass) if pass else @proxy_pass end end
The port of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1176 def proxy_port if @proxy_from_env then proxy_uri&.port else @proxy_port end end
The username of the proxy server, if one is configured.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1192 def proxy_user if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env user = proxy_uri&.user unescape(user) if user else @proxy_user end end
Setter for the read_timeout
attribute.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 800 def read_timeout=(sec) @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket @read_timeout = sec end
Sends an HTTPRequest
object req
to the HTTP
server.
If req
is a Net::HTTP::Post
or Net::HTTP::Put
request containing data, the data is also sent. Providing data for a Net::HTTP::Head
or Net::HTTP::Get
request results in an ArgumentError
.
Returns an HTTPResponse
object.
When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse
object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body
, if desired.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1528 def request(req, body = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+ unless started? start { req['connection'] ||= 'close' return request(req, body, &block) } end if proxy_user() req.proxy_basic_auth proxy_user(), proxy_pass() unless use_ssl? end req.set_body_internal body res = transport_request(req, &block) if sspi_auth?(res) sspi_auth(req) res = transport_request(req, &block) end res end
Sends a GET request to the path
. Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse
object to the block. The body of the response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body
, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.request_get('/index.html') # The entity body is already read in this case. p response['content-type'] puts response.body # Using a block http.request_get('/index.html') {|response| p response['content-type'] response.read_body do |str| # read body now print str end }
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1439 def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+ request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block) end
Sends a HEAD request to the path
and returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.request_head('/index.html') p response['content-type']
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1453 def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block) request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block) end
Sends a POST request to the path
.
Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
When called with a block, the block is passed an HTTPResponse
object. The body of that response will not have been read yet; the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body
, if desired.
Returns the response.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
# example response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') p response.status puts response.body # body is already read in this case # using block http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response| p response.status p response['content-type'] response.read_body do |str| # read body now print str end }
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1483 def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+ request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block end
Sends an HTTP
request to the HTTP
server. Also sends a DATA string if data
is given.
Returns a Net::HTTPResponse
object.
This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html') puts response.body
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1507 def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil) has_response_body = name != 'HEAD' r = HTTPGenericRequest.new(name,(data ? true : false),has_response_body,path,header) request r, data end
WARNING This method opens a serious security hole. Never use this method in production code.
Sets an output stream for debugging.
http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname) http.set_debug_output $stderr http.start { .... }
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 730 def set_debug_output(output) warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started? @debug_output = output end
Opens a TCP connection and HTTP
session.
When this method is called with a block, it passes the Net::HTTP
object to the block, and closes the TCP connection and HTTP
session after the block has been executed.
When called with a block, it returns the return value of the block; otherwise, it returns self.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 961 def start # :yield: http raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started if block_given? begin do_start return yield(self) ensure do_finish end end do_start self end
Returns true if the HTTP
session has been started.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 829 def started? @started end
Sends a TRACE request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1410 def trace(path, initheader = nil) request(Trace.new(path, initheader)) end
Sends a UNLOCK request to the path
and gets a response, as an HTTPResponse
object.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1368 def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil) request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body) end
Turn on/off SSL. This flag must be set before starting session. If you change use_ssl value after session started, a Net::HTTP
object raises IOError
.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 846 def use_ssl=(flag) flag = flag ? true : false if started? and @use_ssl != flag raise IOError, "use_ssl value changed, but session already started" end @use_ssl = flag end
Returns true if SSL/TLS is being used with HTTP
.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 838 def use_ssl? @use_ssl end
Setter for the write_timeout
attribute.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 806 def write_timeout=(sec) @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket @write_timeout = sec end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1702 def D(msg) return unless @debug_output @debug_output << msg @debug_output << "\n" end
utils
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1695 def addr_port addr = address addr = "[#{addr}]" if addr.include?(":") default_port = use_ssl? ? HTTP.https_default_port : HTTP.http_default_port default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}" end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1612 def begin_transport(req) if @socket.closed? connect elsif @last_communicated if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) D 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout' @socket.close connect elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof? D "Conn close because of EOF" @socket.close connect end end if not req.response_body_permitted? and @close_on_empty_response req['connection'] ||= 'close' end req.update_uri address, port, use_ssl? req['host'] ||= addr_port() end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 981 def connect if use_ssl? # reference early to load OpenSSL before connecting, # as OpenSSL may take time to load. @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new end if proxy? then conn_addr = proxy_address conn_port = proxy_port else conn_addr = conn_address conn_port = port end D "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..." begin s = Socket.tcp conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port, connect_timeout: @open_timeout rescue => e e = Net::OpenTimeout.new(e) if e.is_a?(Errno::ETIMEDOUT) #for compatibility with previous versions raise e, "Failed to open TCP connection to " + "#{conn_addr}:#{conn_port} (#{e.message})" end s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1) D "opened" if use_ssl? if proxy? plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout, write_timeout: @write_timeout, continue_timeout: @continue_timeout, debug_output: @debug_output) buf = "CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n" buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n" if proxy_user credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0') buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n" end buf << "\r\n" plain_sock.write(buf) HTTPResponse.read_new(plain_sock).value # assuming nothing left in buffers after successful CONNECT response end ssl_parameters = Hash.new iv_list = instance_variables SSL_IVNAMES.each_with_index do |ivname, i| if iv_list.include?(ivname) value = instance_variable_get(ivname) unless value.nil? ssl_parameters[SSL_ATTRIBUTES[i]] = value end end end @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters) @ssl_context.session_cache_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT | OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess } D "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..." s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context) s.sync_close = true # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546 s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname= if @ssl_session and Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout s.session = @ssl_session end ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout) if (@ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE) && @ssl_context.verify_hostname s.post_connection_check(@address) end D "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}" end @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout, write_timeout: @write_timeout, continue_timeout: @continue_timeout, debug_output: @debug_output) @last_communicated = nil on_connect rescue => exception if s D "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}" s.close end raise end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1080 def do_finish @started = false @socket.close if @socket @socket = nil end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 975 def do_start connect @started = true end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1231 def edit_path(path) if proxy? if path.start_with?("ftp://") || use_ssl? path else "http://#{addr_port}#{path}" end else path end end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1635 def end_transport(req, res) @curr_http_version = res.http_version @last_communicated = nil if @socket.closed? D 'Conn socket closed' elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response D 'Conn close' @socket.close elsif keep_alive?(req, res) D 'Conn keep-alive' @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) else D 'Conn close' @socket.close end end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1652 def keep_alive?(req, res) return false if req.connection_close? if @curr_http_version <= '1.0' res.connection_keep_alive? else # HTTP/1.1 or later not res.connection_close? end end
Executes a request which uses a representation and returns its body.
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1551 def send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, type, &block) res = nil request(type.new(path, initheader), data) {|r| r.read_body dest, &block res = r } res end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1676 def sspi_auth(req) n = Win32::SSPI::NegotiateAuth.new req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.get_initial_token}" # Some versions of ISA will close the connection if this isn't present. req["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive" req["Proxy-Connection"] = "Keep-Alive" res = transport_request(req) authphrase = res["Proxy-Authenticate"] or return res req["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Negotiate #{n.complete_authentication(authphrase)}" rescue => err raise HTTPAuthenticationError.new('HTTP authentication failed', err) end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1661 def sspi_auth?(res) return false unless @sspi_enabled if res.kind_of?(HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired) and proxy? and res["Proxy-Authenticate"].include?("Negotiate") begin require 'win32/sspi' true rescue LoadError false end else false end end
# File ruby-3.1.2/lib/net/http.rb, line 1562 def transport_request(req) count = 0 begin begin_transport req res = catch(:response) { begin req.exec @socket, @curr_http_version, edit_path(req.path) rescue Errno::EPIPE # Failure when writing full request, but we can probably # still read the received response. end begin res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket) res.decode_content = req.decode_content end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation) res.uri = req.uri res } res.reading_body(@socket, req.response_body_permitted?) { yield res if block_given? } rescue Net::OpenTimeout raise rescue Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, Errno::ETIMEDOUT, # avoid a dependency on OpenSSL defined?(OpenSSL::SSL) ? OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError : IOError, Timeout::Error => exception if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method) count += 1 @socket.close if @socket D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry" retry end D "Conn close because of error #{exception}" @socket.close if @socket raise end end_transport req, res res rescue => exception D "Conn close because of error #{exception}" @socket.close if @socket raise exception end