module URI

Like URI.decode_www_form_component, except that '+' is preserved.

# File uri/common.rb, line 379
def self.decode_uri_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
  _decode_uri_component(/%\h\h/, str, enc)
end

Returns name/value pairs derived from the given string str, which must be an ASCII string.

The method may be used to decode the body of Net::HTTPResponse object res for which res['Content-Type'] is 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'.

The returned data is an array of 2-element subarrays; each subarray is a name/value pair (both are strings). Each returned string has encoding enc, and has had invalid characters removed via String#scrub.

A simple example:

URI.decode_www_form('foo=0&bar=1&baz')
# => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", ""]]

The returned strings have certain conversions, similar to those performed in URI.decode_www_form_component:

URI.decode_www_form('f%23o=%2F&b-r=%24&b+z=%40')
# => [["f#o", "/"], ["b-r", "$"], ["b z", "@"]]

The given string may contain consecutive separators:

URI.decode_www_form('foo=0&&bar=1&&baz=2')
# => [["foo", "0"], ["", ""], ["bar", "1"], ["", ""], ["baz", "2"]]

A different separator may be specified:

URI.decode_www_form('foo=0--bar=1--baz', separator: '--')
# => [["foo", "0"], ["bar", "1"], ["baz", ""]]

# File uri/common.rb, line 554
def self.decode_www_form(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8, separator: '&', use__charset_: false, isindex: false)
  raise ArgumentError, "the input of #{self.name}.#{__method__} must be ASCII only string" unless str.ascii_only?
  ary = []
  return ary if str.empty?
  enc = Encoding.find(enc)
  str.b.each_line(separator) do |string|
    string.chomp!(separator)
    key, sep, val = string.partition('=')
    if isindex
      if sep.empty?
        val = key
        key = +''
      end
      isindex = false
    end

    if use__charset_ and key == '_charset_' and e = get_encoding(val)
      enc = e
      use__charset_ = false
    end

    key.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
    if val
      val.gsub!(/\+|%\h\h/, TBLDECWWWCOMP_)
    else
      val = +''
    end

    ary << [key, val]
  end
  ary.each do |k, v|
    k.force_encoding(enc)
    k.scrub!
    v.force_encoding(enc)
    v.scrub!
  end
  ary
end

Returns a string decoded from the given URL-encoded string str.

The given string is first encoded as Encoding::ASCII-8BIT (using String#b), then decoded (as below), and finally force-encoded to the given encoding enc.

The returned string:

• Preserves:

  • Characters '*', '.', '-', and '_'.

  • Character in ranges 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', and '0'..'9'.

  Example:

  URI.decode_www_form_component('*.-_azAZ09')
  # => "*.-_azAZ09"
  

• Converts:

  • Character '+' to character ' '.

  • Each “percent notation” to an ASCII character.

  Example:

  URI.decode_www_form_component('Here+are+some+punctuation+characters%3A+%2C%3B%3F%3A')
  # => "Here are some punctuation characters: ,;?:"
  

Related: URI.decode_uri_component (preserves '+').

# File uri/common.rb, line 368
def self.decode_www_form_component(str, enc=Encoding::UTF_8)
  _decode_uri_component(/\+|%\h\h/, str, enc)
end

Like URI.encode_www_form_component, except that ' ' (space) is encoded as '%20' (instead of '+').

# File uri/common.rb, line 374
def self.encode_uri_component(str, enc=nil)
  _encode_uri_component(/[^*\-.0-9A-Z_a-z]/, TBLENCURICOMP_, str, enc)
end

Returns a URL-encoded string derived from the given Enumerable enum.

The result is suitable for use as form data for an HTTP request whose Content-Type is 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'.

The returned string consists of the elements of enum, each converted to one or more URL-encoded strings, and all joined with character '&'.

Simple examples:

URI.encode_www_form([['foo', 0], ['bar', 1], ['baz', 2]])
# => "foo=0&bar=1&baz=2"
URI.encode_www_form({foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2})
# => "foo=0&bar=1&baz=2"

The returned string is formed using method URI.encode_www_form_component, which converts certain characters:

URI.encode_www_form('f#o': '/', 'b-r': '$', 'b z': '@')
# => "f%23o=%2F&b-r=%24&b+z=%40"

When enum is Array-like, each element ele is converted to a field:

• If ele is an array of two or more elements, the field is formed from its first two elements (and any additional elements are ignored):

  name = URI.encode_www_form_component(ele[0], enc)
  value = URI.encode_www_form_component(ele[1], enc)
  "#{name}=#{value}"
  

  Examples:

  URI.encode_www_form([%w[foo bar], %w[baz bat bah]])
  # => "foo=bar&baz=bat"
  URI.encode_www_form([['foo', 0], ['bar', :baz, 'bat']])
  # => "foo=0&bar=baz"
  

• If ele is an array of one element, the field is formed from ele[0]:

  URI.encode_www_form_component(ele[0])
  

  Example:

  URI.encode_www_form([['foo'], [:bar], [0]])
  # => "foo&bar&0"
  

• Otherwise the field is formed from ele:

  URI.encode_www_form_component(ele)
  

  Example:

  URI.encode_www_form(['foo', :bar, 0])
  # => "foo&bar&0"
  

The elements of an Array-like enum may be mixture:

URI.encode_www_form([['foo', 0], ['bar', 1, 2], ['baz'], :bat])
# => "foo=0&bar=1&baz&bat"

When enum is Hash-like, each key/value pair is converted to one or more fields:

• If value is Array-convertible, each element ele in value is paired with key to form a field:

  name = URI.encode_www_form_component(key, enc)
  value = URI.encode_www_form_component(ele, enc)
  "#{name}=#{value}"
  

  Example:

  URI.encode_www_form({foo: [:bar, 1], baz: [:bat, :bam, 2]})
  # => "foo=bar&foo=1&baz=bat&baz=bam&baz=2"
  

• Otherwise, key and value are paired to form a field:

  name = URI.encode_www_form_component(key, enc)
  value = URI.encode_www_form_component(value, enc)
  "#{name}=#{value}"
  

  Example:

  URI.encode_www_form({foo: 0, bar: 1, baz: 2})
  # => "foo=0&bar=1&baz=2"
  

The elements of a Hash-like enum may be mixture:

URI.encode_www_form({foo: [0, 1], bar: 2})
# => "foo=0&foo=1&bar=2"

# File uri/common.rb, line 501
def self.encode_www_form(enum, enc=nil)
  enum.map do |k,v|
    if v.nil?
      encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
    elsif v.respond_to?(:to_ary)
      v.to_ary.map do |w|
        str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
        unless w.nil?
          str << '='
          str << encode_www_form_component(w, enc)
        end
      end.join('&')
    else
      str = encode_www_form_component(k, enc)
      str << '='
      str << encode_www_form_component(v, enc)
    end
  end.join('&')
end

Returns a URL-encoded string derived from the given string str.

The returned string:

• Preserves:

  • Characters '*', '.', '-', and '_'.

  • Character in ranges 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', and '0'..'9'.

  Example:

  URI.encode_www_form_component('*.-_azAZ09')
  # => "*.-_azAZ09"
  

• Converts:

  • Character ' ' to character '+'.

  • Any other character to “percent notation”; the percent notation for character c is '%%%X' % c.ord.

  Example:

  URI.encode_www_form_component('Here are some punctuation characters: ,;?:')
  # => "Here+are+some+punctuation+characters%3A+%2C%3B%3F%3A"
  

Encoding:

• If str has encoding Encoding::ASCII_8BIT, argument enc is ignored.

• Otherwise str is converted first to Encoding::UTF_8 (with suitable character replacements), and then to encoding enc.

In either case, the returned string has forced encoding Encoding::US_ASCII.

Related: URI.encode_uri_component (encodes ' ' as '%20').

# File uri/common.rb, line 335
def self.encode_www_form_component(str, enc=nil)
  _encode_uri_component(/[^*\-.0-9A-Z_a-z]/, TBLENCWWWCOMP_, str, enc)
end

Returns a new object constructed from the given scheme, arguments, and default:

• The new object is an instance of URI.scheme_list[scheme.upcase].

• The object is initialized by calling the class initializer using scheme and arguments. See URI::Generic.new.

Examples:

values = ['john.doe', 'www.example.com', '123', nil, '/forum/questions/', nil, 'tag=networking&order=newest', 'top']
URI.for('https', *values)
# => #<URI::HTTPS https://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
URI.for('foo', *values, default: URI::HTTP)
# => #<URI::HTTP foo://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>

# File uri/common.rb, line 123
def self.for(scheme, *arguments, default: Generic)
  const_name = scheme.to_s.upcase

  uri_class = INITIAL_SCHEMES[const_name]
  uri_class ||= if /\A[A-Z]\w*\z/.match?(const_name) && Schemes.const_defined?(const_name, false)
    Schemes.const_get(const_name, false)
  end
  uri_class ||= default

  return uri_class.new(scheme, *arguments)
end

Merges the given URI strings str per RFC 2396.

Each string in str is converted to an RFC3986 URI before being merged.

Examples:

URI.join("http://example.com/","main.rbx")
# => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/main.rbx>

URI.join('http://example.com', 'foo')
# => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo>

URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', '/bar')
# => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>

URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo', 'bar')
# => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/bar>

URI.join('http://example.com', '/foo/', 'bar')
# => #<URI::HTTP http://example.com/foo/bar>

# File uri/common.rb, line 211
def self.join(*str)
  RFC3986_PARSER.join(*str)
end

Returns a new URI object constructed from the given string uri:

URI.parse('https://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
# => #<URI::HTTPS https://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>
URI.parse('http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
# => #<URI::HTTP http://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top>

It’s recommended to first ::escape string uri if it may contain invalid URI characters.

# File uri/common.rb, line 184
def self.parse(uri)
  RFC3986_PARSER.parse(uri)
end

Registers the given klass as the class to be instantiated when parsing a URI with the given scheme:

URI.register_scheme('MS_SEARCH', URI::Generic) # => URI::Generic
URI.scheme_list['MS_SEARCH']                   # => URI::Generic

Note that after calling String#upcase on scheme, it must be a valid constant name.

# File uri/common.rb, line 79
def self.register_scheme(scheme, klass)
  Schemes.const_set(scheme.to_s.upcase, klass)
end

Returns a hash of the defined schemes:

URI.scheme_list
# =>
{"MAILTO"=>URI::MailTo,
 "LDAPS"=>URI::LDAPS,
 "WS"=>URI::WS,
 "HTTP"=>URI::HTTP,
 "HTTPS"=>URI::HTTPS,
 "LDAP"=>URI::LDAP,
 "FILE"=>URI::File,
 "FTP"=>URI::FTP}

Related: URI.register_scheme.

# File uri/common.rb, line 97
def self.scheme_list
  Schemes.constants.map { |name|
    [name.to_s.upcase, Schemes.const_get(name)]
  }.to_h
end

Returns a 9-element array representing the parts of the URI formed from the string uri; each array element is a string or nil:

names = %w[scheme userinfo host port registry path opaque query fragment]
values = URI.split('https://john.doe@www.example.com:123/forum/questions/?tag=networking&order=newest#top')
names.zip(values)
# =>
[["scheme", "https"],
 ["userinfo", "john.doe"],
 ["host", "www.example.com"],
 ["port", "123"],
 ["registry", nil],
 ["path", "/forum/questions/"],
 ["opaque", nil],
 ["query", "tag=networking&order=newest"],
 ["fragment", "top"]]

# File uri/common.rb, line 170
def self.split(uri)
  RFC3986_PARSER.split(uri)
end