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Exception

Class Exception and its subclasses are used to communicate between Kernel#raise and rescue statements in begin ... end blocks.

An Exception object carries information about an exception:

  • Its type (the exception's class).

  • An optional descriptive message.

  • Optional backtrace information.

Some built-in subclasses of Exception have additional methods: e.g., NameError#name.

Defaults ↑

Two Ruby statements have default exception classes:

Global Variables ↑

When an exception has been raised but not yet handled (in rescue, ensure, at_exit and END blocks), two global variables are set:

  • $! contains the current exception.

  • $@ contains its backtrace.

Custom Exceptions ↑

To provide additional or alternate information, a program may create custom exception classes that derive from the built-in exception classes.

A good practice is for a library to create a single “generic” exception class (typically a subclass of StandardError or RuntimeError) and have its other exception classes derive from that class. This allows the user to rescue the generic exception, thus catching all exceptions the library may raise even if future versions of the library add new exception subclasses.

For example:

class MyLibrary
  class Error < ::StandardError
  end

  class WidgetError < Error
  end

  class FrobError < Error
  end

end

To handle both MyLibrary::WidgetError and MyLibrary::FrobError the library user can rescue MyLibrary::Error.

Built-In Exception Classes ↑

The built-in subclasses of Exception are:

Public Class Methods

exception(string) → an_exception or exc click to toggle source

With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver, return the receiver. Otherwise, create a new exception object of the same class as the receiver, but with a message equal to string.to_str.

new(msg = nil) → exception click to toggle source

Construct a new Exception object, optionally passing in a message.

 
               static VALUE
exc_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
{
    VALUE arg;

    arg = (!rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1) ? Qnil : argv[0]);
    return exc_init(exc, arg);
}
to_tty? → true or false click to toggle source

Returns true if exception messages will be sent to a tty.

 
               static VALUE
exc_s_to_tty_p(VALUE self)
{
    return rb_stderr_tty_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
}

Public Instance Methods

exc == obj → true or false click to toggle source

Equality—If obj is not an Exception, returns false. Otherwise, returns true if exc and obj share same class, messages, and backtrace.

 
               static VALUE
exc_equal(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
{
    VALUE mesg, backtrace;

    if (exc == obj) return Qtrue;

    if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) {
        int state;

        obj = rb_protect(try_convert_to_exception, obj, &state);
        if (state || obj == Qundef) {
            rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
            return Qfalse;
        }
        if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) return Qfalse;
        mesg = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_message, 0, 0);
        if (mesg == Qundef) return Qfalse;
        backtrace = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_backtrace, 0, 0);
        if (backtrace == Qundef) return Qfalse;
    }
    else {
        mesg = rb_attr_get(obj, id_mesg);
        backtrace = exc_backtrace(obj);
    }

    if (!rb_equal(rb_attr_get(exc, id_mesg), mesg))
        return Qfalse;
    if (!rb_equal(exc_backtrace(exc), backtrace))
        return Qfalse;
    return Qtrue;
}
backtrace → array or nil click to toggle source

Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. The backtrace is an array of strings, each containing either “filename:lineNo: in `method''' or “filename:lineNo.''

def a
  raise "boom"
end

def b
  a()
end

begin
  b()
rescue => detail
  print detail.backtrace.join("\n")
end

produces:

prog.rb:2:in `a'
prog.rb:6:in `b'
prog.rb:10

In the case no backtrace has been set, nil is returned

ex = StandardError.new
ex.backtrace
#=> nil

 
               static VALUE
exc_backtrace(VALUE exc)
{
    VALUE obj;

    obj = rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt);

    if (rb_backtrace_p(obj)) {
        obj = rb_backtrace_to_str_ary(obj);
        /* rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, obj); */
    }

    return obj;
}
backtrace_locations → array or nil click to toggle source

Returns any backtrace associated with the exception. This method is similar to Exception#backtrace, but the backtrace is an array of Thread::Backtrace::Location.

This method is not affected by Exception#set_backtrace().

 
               static VALUE
exc_backtrace_locations(VALUE exc)
{
    VALUE obj;

    obj = rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt_locations);
    if (!NIL_P(obj)) {
        obj = rb_backtrace_to_location_ary(obj);
    }
    return obj;
}
cause → an_exception or nil click to toggle source

Returns the previous exception ($!) at the time this exception was raised. This is useful for wrapping exceptions and retaining the original exception information.

 
               static VALUE
exc_cause(VALUE exc)
{
    return rb_attr_get(exc, id_cause);
}
exception(string) → an_exception or exc click to toggle source

With no argument, or if the argument is the same as the receiver, return the receiver. Otherwise, create a new exception object of the same class as the receiver, but with a message equal to string.to_str.

 
               static VALUE
exc_exception(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
{
    VALUE exc;

    argc = rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 1);
    if (argc == 0) return self;
    if (argc == 1 && self == argv[0]) return self;
    exc = rb_obj_clone(self);
    rb_ivar_set(exc, id_mesg, argv[0]);
    return exc;
}
full_message(highlight: bool, order: [:top or :bottom]) → string click to toggle source

Returns formatted string of exception. The returned string is formatted using the same format that Ruby uses when printing an uncaught exceptions to stderr.

If highlight is true the default error handler will send the messages to a tty.

order must be either of :top or :bottom, and places the error message and the innermost backtrace come at the top or the bottom.

The default values of these options depend on $stderr and its tty? at the timing of a call.

 
               static VALUE
exc_full_message(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE exc)
{
    VALUE opt, str, emesg, errat;
    enum {kw_highlight, kw_order, kw_max_};
    static ID kw[kw_max_];
    VALUE args[kw_max_] = {Qnil, Qnil};

    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0:", &opt);
    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
        if (!kw[0]) {
#define INIT_KW(n) kw[kw_##n] = rb_intern_const(#n)
            INIT_KW(highlight);
            INIT_KW(order);
#undef INIT_KW
        }
        rb_get_kwargs(opt, kw, 0, kw_max_, args);
        switch (args[kw_highlight]) {
          default:
            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected true or false as "
                     "highlight: %+"PRIsVALUE, args[kw_highlight]);
          case Qundef: args[kw_highlight] = Qnil; break;
          case Qtrue: case Qfalse: case Qnil: break;
        }
        if (args[kw_order] == Qundef) {
            args[kw_order] = Qnil;
        }
        else {
            ID id = rb_check_id(&args[kw_order]);
            if (id == id_bottom) args[kw_order] = Qtrue;
            else if (id == id_top) args[kw_order] = Qfalse;
            else {
                rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "expected :top or :bottom as "
                         "order: %+"PRIsVALUE, args[kw_order]);
            }
        }
    }
    str = rb_str_new2("");
    errat = rb_get_backtrace(exc);
    emesg = rb_get_message(exc);

    rb_error_write(exc, emesg, errat, str, args[kw_highlight], args[kw_order]);
    return str;
}
inspect → string click to toggle source

Return this exception's class name and message.

 
               static VALUE
exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
{
    VALUE str, klass;

    klass = CLASS_OF(exc);
    exc = rb_obj_as_string(exc);
    if (RSTRING_LEN(exc) == 0) {
        return rb_class_name(klass);
    }

    str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
    klass = rb_class_name(klass);
    rb_str_buf_append(str, klass);
    rb_str_buf_cat(str, ": ", 2);
    rb_str_buf_append(str, exc);
    rb_str_buf_cat(str, ">", 1);

    return str;
}
message → string click to toggle source

Returns the result of invoking exception.to_s. Normally this returns the exception's message or name.

 
               static VALUE
exc_message(VALUE exc)
{
    return rb_funcallv(exc, idTo_s, 0, 0);
}
set_backtrace(backtrace) → array click to toggle source

Sets the backtrace information associated with exc. The backtrace must be an array of String objects or a single String in the format described in Exception#backtrace.

 
               static VALUE
exc_set_backtrace(VALUE exc, VALUE bt)
{
    return rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt, rb_check_backtrace(bt));
}
to_s → string click to toggle source

Returns exception's message (or the name of the exception if no message is set).

 
               static VALUE
exc_to_s(VALUE exc)
{
    VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);

    if (NIL_P(mesg)) return rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(exc));
    return rb_String(mesg);
}