module Bundler
Bundler
provides a consistent environment for Ruby projects by tracking and installing the exact gems and versions that are needed.
Since Ruby 2.6, Bundler
is a part of Ruby’s standard library.
Bunder is used by creating gemfiles listing all the project dependencies and (optionally) their versions and then using
require 'bundler/setup'
or Bundler.setup
to setup environment where only specified gems and their specified versions could be used.
See Bundler website for extensive documentation on gemfiles creation and Bundler
usage.
As a standard library inside project, Bundler
could be used for introspection of loaded and required modules.
This code was extracted from github.com/Solistra/ruby-digest which is under public domain
TSort
implements topological sorting using Tarjan’s algorithm for strongly connected components.
TSort
is designed to be able to be used with any object which can be interpreted as a directed graph.
TSort
requires two methods to interpret an object as a graph, tsort_each_node and tsort_each_child.
-
tsort_each_node is used to iterate for all nodes over a graph.
-
tsort_each_child is used to iterate for child nodes of a given node.
The equality of nodes are defined by eql? and hash since TSort
uses Hash internally.
A Simple Example¶ ↑
The following example demonstrates how to mix the TSort
module into an existing class (in this case, Hash). Here, we’re treating each key in the hash as a node in the graph, and so we simply alias the required tsort_each_node method to Hash’s each_key method. For each key in the hash, the associated value is an array of the node’s child nodes. This choice in turn leads to our implementation of the required tsort_each_child method, which fetches the array of child nodes and then iterates over that array using the user-supplied block.
require 'tsort' class Hash include TSort alias tsort_each_node each_key def tsort_each_child(node, &block) fetch(node).each(&block) end end {1=>[2, 3], 2=>[3], 3=>[], 4=>[]}.tsort #=> [3, 2, 1, 4] {1=>[2], 2=>[3, 4], 3=>[2], 4=>[]}.strongly_connected_components #=> [[4], [2, 3], [1]]
A More Realistic Example¶ ↑
A very simple ‘make’ like tool can be implemented as follows:
require 'tsort' class Make def initialize @dep = {} @dep.default = [] end def rule(outputs, inputs=[], &block) triple = [outputs, inputs, block] outputs.each {|f| @dep[f] = [triple]} @dep[triple] = inputs end def build(target) each_strongly_connected_component_from(target) {|ns| if ns.length != 1 fs = ns.delete_if {|n| Array === n} raise TSort::Cyclic.new("cyclic dependencies: #{fs.join ', '}") end n = ns.first if Array === n outputs, inputs, block = n inputs_time = inputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.max begin outputs_time = outputs.map {|f| File.mtime f}.min rescue Errno::ENOENT outputs_time = nil end if outputs_time == nil || inputs_time != nil && outputs_time <= inputs_time sleep 1 if inputs_time != nil && inputs_time.to_i == Time.now.to_i block.call end end } end def tsort_each_child(node, &block) @dep[node].each(&block) end include TSort end def command(arg) print arg, "\n" system arg end m = Make.new m.rule(%w[t1]) { command 'date > t1' } m.rule(%w[t2]) { command 'date > t2' } m.rule(%w[t3]) { command 'date > t3' } m.rule(%w[t4], %w[t1 t3]) { command 'cat t1 t3 > t4' } m.rule(%w[t5], %w[t4 t2]) { command 'cat t4 t2 > t5' } m.build('t5')
Bugs¶ ↑
-
‘tsort.rb’ is wrong name because this library uses Tarjan’s algorithm for strongly connected components. Although ‘strongly_connected_components.rb’ is correct but too long.
References¶ ↑
-
Tarjan, “Depth First Search and Linear
Graph
Algorithms”,
-
SIAM Journal on Computing, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 146-160, June 1972.
Constants
- Deprecate
- FREEBSD
- NULL
- ORIGINAL_ENV
- SUDO_MUTEX
- VERSION
- WINDOWS
- YamlLibrarySyntaxError
Public Class Methods
Returns uri
converted to an Bundler::URI
object.
# File bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb, line 733 def URI(uri) if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic) uri elsif uri = String.try_convert(uri) Bundler::URI.parse(uri) else raise ArgumentError, "bad argument (expected Bundler::URI object or Bundler::URI string)" end end
# File bundler.rb, line 308 def app_cache(custom_path = nil) path = custom_path || root Pathname.new(path).join(settings.app_cache_path) end
# File bundler.rb, line 294 def app_config_path if app_config = ENV["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] app_config_pathname = Pathname.new(app_config) if app_config_pathname.absolute? app_config_pathname else app_config_pathname.expand_path(root) end else root.join(".bundle") end end
Returns absolute location of where binstubs are installed to.
# File bundler.rb, line 104 def bin_path @bin_path ||= begin path = settings[:bin] || "bin" path = Pathname.new(path).expand_path(root).expand_path SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path) {|p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) } path end end
Returns absolute path of where gems are installed on the filesystem.
# File bundler.rb, line 95 def bundle_path @bundle_path ||= Pathname.new(configured_bundle_path.path).expand_path(root) end
# File bundler/version.rb, line 6 def self.bundler_major_version @bundler_major_version ||= VERSION.split(".").first.to_i end
@deprecated Use ‘unbundled_env` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 342 def clean_env Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation( 2, "`Bundler.clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_env`. " \ "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_env`", :print_caller_location => true ) unbundled_env end
@deprecated Use ‘unbundled_exec` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 429 def clean_exec(*args) Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation( 2, "`Bundler.clean_exec` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_exec`. " \ "If you instead want to exec to a command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_exec`", :print_caller_location => true ) with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) } end
@deprecated Use ‘unbundled_system` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 407 def clean_system(*args) Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation( 2, "`Bundler.clean_system` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.unbundled_system`. " \ "If you instead want to run the command in the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.original_system`", :print_caller_location => true ) with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.system(*args) } end
# File bundler.rb, line 594 def clear_gemspec_cache @gemspec_cache = {} end
# File bundler.rb, line 81 def configure @configured ||= configure_gem_home_and_path end
# File bundler.rb, line 640 def configure_gem_home_and_path(path = bundle_path) configure_gem_path configure_gem_home(path) Bundler.rubygems.clear_paths end
# File bundler.rb, line 99 def configured_bundle_path @configured_bundle_path ||= settings.path.tap(&:validate!) end
Returns current version of Ruby
@return [CurrentRuby] Current version of Ruby
# File bundler/current_ruby.rb, line 7 def self.current_ruby @current_ruby ||= CurrentRuby.new end
# File bundler.rb, line 458 def default_bundle_dir SharedHelpers.default_bundle_dir end
# File bundler.rb, line 450 def default_gemfile SharedHelpers.default_gemfile end
# File bundler.rb, line 454 def default_lockfile SharedHelpers.default_lockfile end
Returns an instance of Bundler::Definition
for given Gemfile and lockfile
@param unlock [Hash, Boolean, nil] Gems that have been requested
to be updated or true if all gems should be updated
@return [Bundler::Definition]
# File bundler.rb, line 192 def definition(unlock = nil) @definition = nil if unlock @definition ||= begin configure Definition.build(default_gemfile, default_lockfile, unlock) end end
# File bundler.rb, line 182 def environment SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Bundler.environment has been removed in favor of Bundler.load", :print_caller_location => true load end
# File bundler.rb, line 603 def feature_flag @feature_flag ||= FeatureFlag.new(VERSION) end
# File bundler.rb, line 200 def frozen_bundle? frozen = settings[:deployment] frozen ||= settings[:frozen] frozen end
# File bundler.rb, line 598 def git_present? return @git_present if defined?(@git_present) @git_present = Bundler.which("git") || Bundler.which("git.exe") end
# File bundler.rb, line 272 def home bundle_path.join("bundler") end
# File bundler.rb, line 276 def install_path home.join("gems") end
# File bundler.rb, line 178 def load @load ||= Runtime.new(root, definition) end
# File bundler.rb, line 567 def load_gemspec(file, validate = false) @gemspec_cache ||= {} key = File.expand_path(file) @gemspec_cache[key] ||= load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate) # Protect against caching side-effected gemspecs by returning a # new instance each time. @gemspec_cache[key].dup if @gemspec_cache[key] end
# File bundler.rb, line 576 def load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate = false) path = Pathname.new(file) contents = read_file(file) spec = if contents.start_with?("---") # YAML header eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents) else # Eval the gemspec from its parent directory, because some gemspecs # depend on "./" relative paths. SharedHelpers.chdir(path.dirname.to_s) do eval_gemspec(path, contents) end end return unless spec spec.loaded_from = path.expand_path.to_s Bundler.rubygems.validate(spec) if validate spec end
# File bundler.rb, line 561 def load_marshal(data) Marshal.load(data) rescue StandardError => e raise MarshalError, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}" end
# File bundler.rb, line 445 def local_platform return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform] || Gem.platforms == [Gem::Platform::RUBY] Gem::Platform.local end
# File bundler.rb, line 206 def locked_gems @locked_gems ||= if defined?(@definition) && @definition definition.locked_gems elsif Bundler.default_lockfile.file? lock = Bundler.read_file(Bundler.default_lockfile) LockfileParser.new(lock) end end
# File bundler.rb, line 507 def mkdir_p(path, options = {}) if requires_sudo? && !options[:no_sudo] sudo "mkdir -p '#{path}'" unless File.exist?(path) else SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :write) do |p| FileUtils.mkdir_p(p) end end end
# File bundler.rb, line 216 def most_specific_locked_platform?(platform) return false unless defined?(@definition) && @definition definition.most_specific_locked_platform == platform end
@return [Hash] Environment present before Bundler
was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 337 def original_env ORIGINAL_ENV.clone end
Run a ‘Kernel.exec` to a subcommand with the environment present before Bundler
was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 424 def original_exec(*args) with_original_env { Kernel.exec(*args) } end
Run subcommand with the environment present before Bundler
was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 402 def original_system(*args) with_original_env { Kernel.system(*args) } end
# File bundler.rb, line 471 def preferred_gemfile_name Bundler.settings[:init_gems_rb] ? "gems.rb" : "Gemfile" end
# File bundler.rb, line 555 def read_file(file) SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file, :read) do File.open(file, "r:UTF-8", &:read) end end
Setups Bundler
environment (see Bundler.setup
) if it is not already set, and loads all gems from groups specified. Unlike ::setup
, can be called multiple times with different groups (if they were allowed by setup).
Assuming Gemfile
gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0' group :test do gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0' end
The code will work as follows:
Bundler.setup # allow all groups Bundler.require(:default) # requires only first_gem # ...later Bundler.require(:test) # requires second_gem
# File bundler.rb, line 174 def require(*groups) setup(*groups).require(*groups) end
# File bundler/vendored_thor.rb, line 4 def self.require_thor_actions require_relative "vendor/thor/lib/thor/actions" end
# File bundler.rb, line 479 def requires_sudo? return @requires_sudo if defined?(@requires_sudo_ran) sudo_present = which "sudo" if settings.allow_sudo? if sudo_present # the bundle path and subdirectories need to be writable for RubyGems # to be able to unpack and install gems without exploding path = bundle_path path = path.parent until path.exist? # bins are written to a different location on OS X bin_dir = Pathname.new(Bundler.system_bindir) bin_dir = bin_dir.parent until bin_dir.exist? # if any directory is not writable, we need sudo files = [path, bin_dir] | Dir[bundle_path.join("build_info/*").to_s] | Dir[bundle_path.join("*").to_s] unwritable_files = files.reject {|f| File.writable?(f) } sudo_needed = !unwritable_files.empty? if sudo_needed Bundler.ui.warn "Following files may not be writable, so sudo is needed:\n #{unwritable_files.map(&:to_s).sort.join("\n ")}" end end @requires_sudo_ran = true @requires_sudo = settings.allow_sudo? && sudo_present && sudo_needed end
# File bundler.rb, line 607 def reset! reset_paths! Plugin.reset! reset_rubygems! end
# File bundler.rb, line 618 def reset_paths! @bin_path = nil @bundler_major_version = nil @bundle_path = nil @configured = nil @configured_bundle_path = nil @definition = nil @load = nil @locked_gems = nil @root = nil @settings = nil @setup = nil @user_home = nil end
# File bundler.rb, line 633 def reset_rubygems! return unless defined?(@rubygems) && @rubygems rubygems.undo_replacements rubygems.reset @rubygems = nil end
# File bundler.rb, line 613 def reset_settings_and_root! @settings = nil @root = nil end
# File bundler.rb, line 318 def rm_rf(path) FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(path) if path && File.exist?(path) rescue ArgumentError message = <<EOF It is a security vulnerability to allow your home directory to be world-writable, and bundler can not continue. You should probably consider fixing this issue by running `chmod o-w ~` on *nix. Please refer to https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.1.2/libdoc/fileutils/rdoc/FileUtils.html#method-c-remove_entry_secure for details. EOF File.world_writable?(path) ? Bundler.ui.warn(message) : raise raise PathError, "Please fix the world-writable issue with your #{path} directory" end
# File bundler.rb, line 284 def root @root ||= begin SharedHelpers.root rescue GemfileNotFound bundle_dir = default_bundle_dir raise GemfileNotFound, "Could not locate Gemfile or .bundle/ directory" unless bundle_dir Pathname.new(File.expand_path("..", bundle_dir)) end end
# File bundler.rb, line 222 def ruby_scope "#{Bundler.rubygems.ruby_engine}/#{RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]}" end
# File bundler/rubygems_integration.rb, line 630 def self.rubygems @rubygems ||= RubygemsIntegration.new end
# File bundler.rb, line 330 def settings @settings ||= Settings.new(app_config_path) rescue GemfileNotFound @settings = Settings.new(Pathname.new(".bundle").expand_path) end
Turns on the Bundler
runtime. After Bundler.setup
call, all load
or require
of the gems would be allowed only if they are part of the Gemfile or Ruby’s standard library. If the versions specified in Gemfile, only those versions would be loaded.
Assuming Gemfile
gem 'first_gem', '= 1.0' group :test do gem 'second_gem', '= 1.0' end
The code using Bundler.setup
works as follows:
require 'third_gem' # allowed, required from global gems require 'first_gem' # allowed, loads the last installed version Bundler.setup require 'fourth_gem' # fails with LoadError require 'second_gem' # loads exactly version 1.0
Bundler.setup
can be called only once, all subsequent calls are no-op.
If groups list is provided, only gems from specified groups would be allowed (gems specified outside groups belong to special :default
group).
To require all gems from Gemfile (or only some groups), see Bundler.require
.
# File bundler.rb, line 140 def setup(*groups) # Return if all groups are already loaded return @setup if defined?(@setup) && @setup definition.validate_runtime! SharedHelpers.print_major_deprecations! if groups.empty? # Load all groups, but only once @setup = load.setup else load.setup(*groups) end end
# File bundler.rb, line 280 def specs_path bundle_path.join("specifications") end
# File bundler.rb, line 530 def sudo(str) SUDO_MUTEX.synchronize do prompt = "\n\n" + <<-PROMPT.gsub(/^ {6}/, "").strip + " " Your user account isn't allowed to install to the system RubyGems. You can cancel this installation and run: bundle config set --local path 'vendor/bundle' bundle install to install the gems into ./vendor/bundle/, or you can enter your password and install the bundled gems to RubyGems using sudo. Password: PROMPT unless @prompted_for_sudo ||= system(%(sudo -k -p "#{prompt}" true)) raise SudoNotPermittedError, "Bundler requires sudo access to install at the moment. " \ "Try installing again, granting Bundler sudo access when prompted, or installing into a different path." end `sudo -p "#{prompt}" #{str}` end end
# File bundler.rb, line 462 def system_bindir # Gem.bindir doesn't always return the location that RubyGems will install # system binaries. If you put '-n foo' in your .gemrc, RubyGems will # install binstubs there instead. Unfortunately, RubyGems doesn't expose # that directory at all, so rather than parse .gemrc ourselves, we allow # the directory to be set as well, via `bundle config set --local bindir foo`. Bundler.settings[:system_bindir] || Bundler.rubygems.gem_bindir end
# File bundler.rb, line 313 def tmp(name = Process.pid.to_s) Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir") Pathname.new(Dir.mktmpdir(["bundler", name])) end
# File bundler.rb, line 85 def ui (defined?(@ui) && @ui) || (self.ui = UI::Shell.new) end
# File bundler.rb, line 89 def ui=(ui) Bundler.rubygems.ui = UI::RGProxy.new(ui) @ui = ui end
@return [Hash] Environment with all bundler-related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 354 def unbundled_env env = original_env if env.key?("BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH") env["MANPATH"] = env["BUNDLER_ORIG_MANPATH"] end env.delete_if {|k, _| k[0, 7] == "BUNDLE_" } if env.key?("RUBYOPT") rubyopt = env["RUBYOPT"].split(" ") rubyopt.delete("-r#{File.expand_path("bundler/setup", __dir__)}") rubyopt.delete("-rbundler/setup") env["RUBYOPT"] = rubyopt.join(" ") end if env.key?("RUBYLIB") rubylib = env["RUBYLIB"].split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) rubylib.delete(File.expand_path("..", __FILE__)) env["RUBYLIB"] = rubylib.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) end env end
Run a ‘Kernel.exec` to a subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 441 def unbundled_exec(*args) with_env(unbundled_env) { Kernel.exec(*args) } end
Run subcommand in an environment with all bundler related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 419 def unbundled_system(*args) with_unbundled_env { Kernel.system(*args) } end
# File bundler.rb, line 475 def use_system_gems? configured_bundle_path.use_system_gems? end
# File bundler.rb, line 250 def user_bundle_path(dir = "home") env_var, fallback = case dir when "home" ["BUNDLE_USER_HOME", proc { Pathname.new(user_home).join(".bundle") }] when "cache" ["BUNDLE_USER_CACHE", proc { user_bundle_path.join("cache") }] when "config" ["BUNDLE_USER_CONFIG", proc { user_bundle_path.join("config") }] when "plugin" ["BUNDLE_USER_PLUGIN", proc { user_bundle_path.join("plugin") }] else raise BundlerError, "Unknown user path requested: #{dir}" end # `fallback` will already be a Pathname, but Pathname.new() is # idempotent so it's OK Pathname.new(ENV.fetch(env_var, &fallback)) end
# File bundler.rb, line 268 def user_cache user_bundle_path("cache") end
# File bundler.rb, line 226 def user_home @user_home ||= begin home = Bundler.rubygems.user_home bundle_home = home ? File.join(home, ".bundle") : nil warning = if home.nil? "Your home directory is not set." elsif !File.directory?(home) "`#{home}` is not a directory." elsif !File.writable?(home) && (!File.directory?(bundle_home) || !File.writable?(bundle_home)) "`#{home}` is not writable." end if warning Bundler.ui.warn "#{warning}\n" user_home = tmp_home_path Bundler.ui.warn "Bundler will use `#{user_home}' as your home directory temporarily.\n" user_home else Pathname.new(home) end end end
# File bundler.rb, line 517 def which(executable) if File.file?(executable) && File.executable?(executable) executable elsif paths = ENV["PATH"] quote = '"'.freeze paths.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).find do |path| path = path[1..-2] if path.start_with?(quote) && path.end_with?(quote) executable_path = File.expand_path(executable, path) return executable_path if File.file?(executable_path) && File.executable?(executable_path) end end end
@deprecated Use ‘with_unbundled_env` instead
# File bundler.rb, line 385 def with_clean_env Bundler::SharedHelpers.major_deprecation( 2, "`Bundler.with_clean_env` has been deprecated in favor of `Bundler.with_unbundled_env`. " \ "If you instead want the environment before bundler was originally loaded, use `Bundler.with_original_env`", :print_caller_location => true ) with_env(unbundled_env) { yield } end
# File bundler/friendly_errors.rb, line 101 def self.with_friendly_errors FriendlyErrors.enable! yield rescue SignalException raise rescue Exception => e # rubocop:disable Lint/RescueException raise if FriendlyErrors.disabled? FriendlyErrors.log_error(e) exit FriendlyErrors.exit_status(e) end
Run block with environment present before Bundler
was activated
# File bundler.rb, line 380 def with_original_env with_env(original_env) { yield } end
Run block with all bundler-related variables removed
# File bundler.rb, line 397 def with_unbundled_env with_env(unbundled_env) { yield } end
Private Class Methods
# File bundler.rb, line 675 def configure_gem_home(path) Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "GEM_HOME", path.to_s end
# File bundler.rb, line 666 def configure_gem_path unless use_system_gems? # this needs to be empty string to cause # PathSupport.split_gem_path to only load up the # Bundler --path setting as the GEM_PATH. Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "GEM_PATH", "" end end
# File bundler.rb, line 658 def eval_gemspec(path, contents) eval(contents, TOPLEVEL_BINDING.dup, path.expand_path.to_s) rescue ScriptError, StandardError => e msg = "There was an error while loading `#{path.basename}`: #{e.message}" raise GemspecError, Dsl::DSLError.new(msg, path, e.backtrace, contents) end
# File bundler.rb, line 648 def eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents) require_relative "bundler/psyched_yaml" # If the YAML is invalid, Syck raises an ArgumentError, and Psych # raises a Psych::SyntaxError. See psyched_yaml.rb for more info. Gem::Specification.from_yaml(contents) rescue YamlLibrarySyntaxError, ArgumentError, Gem::EndOfYAMLException, Gem::Exception eval_gemspec(path, contents) end
# File bundler.rb, line 679 def tmp_home_path Kernel.send(:require, "tmpdir") SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(Dir.tmpdir) do path = Bundler.tmp at_exit { Bundler.rm_rf(path) } path end end
@param env [Hash]
# File bundler.rb, line 689 def with_env(env) backup = ENV.to_hash ENV.replace(env) yield ensure ENV.replace(backup) end
Private Instance Methods
Returns uri
converted to an Bundler::URI
object.
# File bundler/vendor/uri/lib/uri/common.rb, line 733 def URI(uri) if uri.is_a?(Bundler::URI::Generic) uri elsif uri = String.try_convert(uri) Bundler::URI.parse(uri) else raise ArgumentError, "bad argument (expected Bundler::URI object or Bundler::URI string)" end end