NEWS for Ruby 3.2.0¶ ↑
This document is a list of user-visible feature changes since the 3.1.0 release, except for bug fixes.
Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
Language changes¶ ↑
-
Anonymous rest and keyword rest arguments can now be passed as arguments, instead of just used in method parameters. [Feature #18351]
def foo(*) bar(*) end def baz(**) quux(**) end
-
A proc that accepts a single positional argument and keywords will no longer autosplat. [Bug #18633]
proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2]) # Ruby 3.1 and before # => 1 # Ruby 3.2 and after # => [1, 2]
-
Constant assignment evaluation order for constants set on explicit objects has been made consistent with single attribute assignment evaluation order. With this code:
foo::BAR = baz
foo
is now called beforebaz
. Similarly, for multiple assignments to constants, left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this code:foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
The following evaluation order is now used:
-
foo1
-
foo2
-
baz1
-
baz2
-
-
"Find pattern" is no longer experimental. [Feature #18585]
-
Methods taking a rest parameter (like
*args
) and wishing to delegate keyword arguments throughfoo(*args)
must now be marked withruby2_keywords
(if not already the case). In other words, all methods wishing to delegate keyword arguments through*args
must now be marked withruby2_keywords
, with no exception. This will make it easier to transition to other ways of delegation once a library can require Ruby 3+. Previously, theruby2_keywords
flag was kept if the receiving method took*args
, but this was a bug and an inconsistency. A good technique to find the potentially-missingruby2_keywords
is to run the test suite, for where it fails find the last method which must receive keyword arguments, useputs nil, caller, nil
there, and check each method/block on the call chain which must delegate keywords is correctly marked asruby2_keywords
. [Bug #18625] [Bug #16466]def target(**kw) end # Accidentally worked without ruby2_keywords in Ruby 2.7-3.1, ruby2_keywords # needed in 3.2+. Just like (*args, **kwargs) or (...) would be needed on # both #foo and #bar when migrating away from ruby2_keywords. ruby2_keywords def bar(*args) target(*args) end ruby2_keywords def foo(*args) bar(*args) end foo(k: 1)
Core classes updates¶ ↑
Note: We’re only listing outstanding class updates.
-
-
Introduce
Fiber.[]
andFiber.[]=
for inheritable fiber storage. IntroduceFiber#storage
andFiber#storage=
(experimental) for getting and resetting the current storage. IntroduceFiber.new(storage:)
for setting the storage when creating a fiber. [Feature #19078]Existing
Thread
andFiber
local variables can be tricky to use. Thread-local variables are shared between all fibers, making it hard to isolate, while Fiber-local variables can be hard to share. It is often desirable to define unit of execution ("execution context") such that some state is shared between all fibers and threads created in that context. This is whatFiber
storage provides.def log(message) puts "#{Fiber[:request_id]}: #{message}" end def handle_requests while request = read_request Fiber.schedule do Fiber[:request_id] = SecureRandom.uuid request.messages.each do |message| Fiber.schedule do log("Handling #{message}") # Log includes inherited request_id. end end end end end
You should generally consider
Fiber
storage for any state which you want to be shared implicitly between all fibers and threads created in a given context, e.g. a connection pool, a request id, a logger level, environment variables, configuration, etc.
-
-
-
Introduce
Fiber::Scheduler#io_select
for non-blockingIO.select
. [Feature #19060]
-
-
-
Introduce
IO#timeout=
andIO#timeout
which can causeIO::TimeoutError
to be raised if a blocking operation exceeds the specified timeout. [Feature #18630]STDIN.timeout = 1 STDIN.read # => Blocking operation timed out! (IO::TimeoutError)
-
Introduce
IO.new(..., path:)
and promoteFile#path
toIO#path
. [Feature #19036]
-
-
-
Class#attached_object
, which returns the object for which the receiver is the singleton class. RaisesTypeError
if the receiver is not a singleton class. [Feature #12084]class Foo; end Foo.singleton_class.attached_object #=> Foo Foo.new.singleton_class.attached_object #=> #<Foo:0x000000010491a370> Foo.attached_object #=> TypeError: `Foo' is not a singleton class nil.singleton_class.attached_object #=> TypeError: `NilClass' is not a singleton class
-
-
-
New core class to represent simple immutable value object. The class is similar to
Struct
and partially shares an implementation, but has more lean and strict API. [Feature #16122]Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit) distance = Measure.new(100, 'km') #=> #<data Measure amount=100, unit="km"> weight = Measure.new(amount: 50, unit: 'kg') #=> #<data Measure amount=50, unit="kg"> weight.with(amount: 40) #=> #<data Measure amount=40, unit="kg"> weight.amount #=> 50 weight.amount = 40 #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `amount='
-
-
-
Encoding#replicate has been deprecated and will be removed in 3.3. [Feature #18949]
-
The dummy
Encoding::UTF_16
andEncoding::UTF_32
encodings no longer try to dynamically guess the endian based on a byte order mark. UseEncoding::UTF_16BE
/UTF_16LE
andEncoding::UTF_32BE
/UTF_32LE
instead. This change speeds up getting the encoding of aString
. [Feature #18949] -
Limit maximum encoding set size by 256. If exceeding maximum size,
EncodingError
will be raised. [Feature #18949]
-
-
-
Enumerator.product
has been added.Enumerator::Product
is the implementation. [Feature #18685]
-
-
-
Exception#detailed_message
has been added. The default error printer calls this method on theException
object instead of message. [Feature #18564]
-
-
-
Hash#shift
now always returns nil if the hash is empty, instead of returning the default value or calling the default proc. [Bug #16908]
-
-
-
Integer#ceildiv
has been added. [Feature #18809]
-
-
-
Kernel#binding
raisesRuntimeError
if called from a non-Ruby frame (such as a method defined in C). [Bug #18487]
-
-
-
MatchData#byteoffset
has been added. [Feature #13110] -
MatchData#deconstruct
has been added. [Feature #18821] -
MatchData#deconstruct_keys
has been added. [Feature #18821]
-
-
-
Module.used_refinements
has been added. [Feature #14332] -
Module#refinements
has been added. [Feature #12737] -
Module#const_added
has been added. [Feature #17881] -
Module#undefined_instance_methods
has been added. [Feature #12655]
-
-
-
Proc#dup
returns an instance of subclass. [Bug #17545] -
Proc#parameters
now accepts lambda keyword. [Feature #15357]
-
-
-
Added
RLIMIT_NPTS
constant to FreeBSD platform
-
-
-
The cache-based optimization is introduced. Many (but not all)
Regexp
matching is now in linear time, which will prevent regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) vulnerability. [Feature #19104] -
Regexp.linear_time?
is introduced. [Feature #19194] -
Regexp.new
now supports passing the regexp flags not only as anInteger
, but also as aString
. Unknown flags raiseArgumentError
. Otherwise, anything other thantrue
,false
,nil
orInteger
will be warned. [Feature #18788] -
Regexp.timeout=
has been added. Also,Regexp.new
new supports timeout keyword. See [Feature #17837]
-
-
-
Refinement#refined_class has been added. [Feature #12737]
-
-
-
Add
error_tolerant
option forparse
,parse_file
andof
. [Feature #19013] With this option-
SyntaxError
is suppressed -
AST is returned for invalid input
-
end
is complemented when a parser reaches to the end of input butend
is insufficient -
end
is treated as keyword based on indent
# Without error_tolerant option root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY) def m a = 10 if end RUBY # => <internal:ast>:33:in `parse': syntax error, unexpected `end' (SyntaxError) # With error_tolerant option root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true) def m a = 10 if end RUBY p root # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-4:3> # `end` is treated as keyword based on indent root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true) module Z class Foo foo. end def bar end end RUBY p root.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-2..-1] # => [#<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:CLASS@2:2-4:5>, #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:DEFN@6:2-7:5>]
-
-
Add
keep_tokens
option forparse
,parse_file
andof
. Add#tokens
and#all_tokens
forRubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
[Feature #19070]root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true) root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...] root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"
-
-
Set
-
Set is now available as a built-in class without the need for
require "set"
. [Feature #16989] It is currently autoloaded via the Set constant or a call toEnumerable#to_set
.
-
-
-
String#byteindex
andString#byterindex
have been added. [Feature #13110] -
Update Unicode to Version 15.0.0 and Emoji Version 15.0. [Feature #18639] (also applies to
Regexp
) -
String#bytesplice
has been added. [Feature #18598] -
String#dedup
has been added as an alias toString#-@
. [Feature #18595]
-
-
-
A
Struct
class can also be initialized with keyword arguments withoutkeyword_init: true
onStruct.new
[Feature #16806]Post = Struct.new(:id, :name) Post.new(1, "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello"> # From Ruby 3.2, the following code also works without keyword_init: true. Post.new(id: 1, name: "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
-
-
-
Thread.each_caller_location
is added. [Feature #16663]
-
-
-
Thread::Queue#pop
(timeout: sec) is added. [Feature #18774]
-
-
-
Thread::SizedQueue#pop
(timeout: sec) is added. [Feature #18774] -
Thread::SizedQueue#push
(timeout: sec) is added. [Feature #18944]
-
-
-
Time#deconstruct_keys
is added, allowing to useTime
instances in pattern-matching expressions [Feature #19071] -
Time.new
now can parse a string like generated byTime#inspect
and return aTime
instance based on the given argument. [Feature #18033]
-
-
-
SyntaxError#path has been added. [Feature #19138]
-
-
-
TracePoint#binding
now returnsnil
forc_call
/c_return
TracePoints. [Bug #18487] -
TracePoint#enable
target_thread
keyword argument now defaults to the current thread if a block is given andtarget
andtarget_line
keyword arguments are not passed. [Bug #16889]
-
-
-
UnboundMethod#==
returnstrue
if the actual method is same. For example,String.instance_method(:object_id) == Array.instance_method(:object_id)
returnstrue
. [Feature #18798] -
UnboundMethod#inspect
does not show the receiver ofinstance_method
. For exampleString.instance_method(:object_id).inspect
returns"#<UnboundMethod: Kernel#object_id()>"
(was"#<UnboundMethod: String(Kernel)#object_id()>"
).
-
-
-
Expose
need_major_gc
viaGC.latest_gc_info
. GH-6791
-
-
-
ObjectSpace.dump_all
dump shapes as well. GH-6868
-
Stdlib updates¶ ↑
-
Bundler
-
Bundler now uses PubGrub resolver instead of Molinillo for performance improvement.
-
Add --ext=rust support to bundle gem for creating simple gems with Rust extensions. [GH-rubygems-6149]
-
Make cloning git repos faster [GH-rubygems-4475]
-
-
RubyGems
-
Add mswin support for cargo builder. [GH-rubygems-6167]
-
-
CGI
-
CGI.escapeURIComponent
andCGI.unescapeURIComponent
are added. [Feature #18822]
-
-
Coverage
-
Coverage.setup
now acceptseval: true
. By this,eval
and related methods are able to generate code coverage. [Feature #19008] -
Coverage.supported?(mode)
enables detection of what coverage modes are supported. [Feature #19026]
-
-
Date
-
Added
Date#deconstruct_keys
andDateTime#deconstruct_keys
same as [Feature #19071]
-
-
ERB
-
ERB::Util.html_escape
is made faster thanCGI.escapeHTML
. -
ERB::Util.url_encode
is made faster usingCGI.escapeURIComponent
. -
-S
option is removed fromerb
command.
-
-
FileUtils
-
Add FileUtils.ln_sr method and
relative:
option to FileUtils.ln_s. [Feature #18925]
-
-
IRB
-
debug.gem integration commands have been added:
debug
,break
,catch
,next
,delete
,step
,continue
,finish
,backtrace
,info
-
They work even if you don't have
gem "debug"
in your Gemfile. -
See also: What's new in Ruby 3.2's IRB?
-
-
More Pry-like commands and features have been added.
-
edit
andshow_cmds
(like Pry’shelp
) are added. -
ls
takes-g
or-G
option to filter out outputs. -
show_source
is aliased from$
and accepts unquoted inputs. -
whereami
is aliased from@
.
-
-
-
Net::Protocol
-
Improve
Net::BufferedIO
performance. [GH-net-protocol-14]
-
-
Pathname
-
Added
Pathname#lutime
. [GH-pathname-20]
-
-
Socket
-
Added the following constants for supported platforms.
-
SO_INCOMING_CPU
-
SO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID
-
SO_RTABLE
-
SO_SETFIB
-
SO_USER_COOKIE
-
TCP_KEEPALIVE
-
TCP_CONNECTION_INFO
-
-
-
SyntaxSuggest
-
The feature of
syntax_suggest
formerlydead_end
is integrated in Ruby. [Feature #18159]
-
-
UNIXSocket
-
Add support for UNIXSocket on Windows. Emulate anonymous sockets. Add support for
File.socket?
andFile::Stat#socket?
where possible. [Feature #19135]
-
-
The following default gems are updated.
-
RubyGems 3.4.1
-
abbrev 0.1.1
-
benchmark 0.2.1
-
bigdecimal 3.1.3
-
bundler 2.4.1
-
cgi 0.3.6
-
csv 3.2.6
-
date 3.3.3
-
delegate 0.3.0
-
did_you_mean 1.6.3
-
digest 3.1.1
-
drb 2.1.1
-
english 0.7.2
-
erb 4.0.2
-
error_highlight 0.5.1
-
etc 1.4.2
-
fcntl 1.0.2
-
fiddle 1.1.1
-
fileutils 1.7.0
-
forwardable 1.3.3
-
getoptlong 0.2.0
-
io-console 0.6.0
-
io-nonblock 0.2.0
-
io-wait 0.3.0
-
ipaddr 1.2.5
-
irb 1.6.2
-
json 2.6.3
-
logger 1.5.3
-
mutex_m 0.1.2
-
net-http 0.3.2
-
net-protocol 0.2.1
-
nkf 0.1.2
-
open-uri 0.3.0
-
open3 0.1.2
-
openssl 3.1.0
-
optparse 0.3.1
-
ostruct 0.5.5
-
pathname 0.2.1
-
pp 0.4.0
-
pstore 0.1.2
-
psych 5.0.1
-
racc 1.6.2
-
rdoc 6.5.0
-
readline-ext 0.1.5
-
reline 0.3.2
-
resolv 0.2.2
-
resolv-replace 0.1.1
-
securerandom 0.2.2
-
set 1.0.3
-
stringio 3.0.4
-
strscan 3.0.5
-
syntax_suggest 1.0.2
-
syslog 0.1.1
-
tempfile 0.1.3
-
time 0.2.1
-
timeout 0.3.1
-
tmpdir 0.1.3
-
tsort 0.1.1
-
un 0.2.1
-
uri 0.12.0
-
weakref 0.1.2
-
win32ole 1.8.9
-
yaml 0.2.1
-
zlib 3.0.0
-
-
The following bundled gems are updated.
-
minitest 5.16.3
-
power_assert 2.0.3
-
test-unit 3.5.7
-
net-ftp 0.2.0
-
net-imap 0.3.4
-
net-pop 0.1.2
-
net-smtp 0.3.3
-
rbs 2.8.2
-
typeprof 0.21.3
-
debug 1.7.1
-
See GitHub releases like GitHub Releases of Logger or changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
Supported platforms¶ ↑
-
WebAssembly/WASI is added. See wasm/README.md and ruby.wasm for more details. [Feature #18462]
Compatibility issues¶ ↑
-
String#to_c
currently treat a sequence of underscores as an end ofComplex
string. [Bug #19087] -
Now
ENV.clone
raisesTypeError
as well asENV.dup
[Bug #17767]
Removed constants¶ ↑
The following deprecated constants are removed.
-
Fixnum
andBignum
[Feature #12005] -
Random::DEFAULT
[Feature #17351] -
Struct::Group
-
Struct::Passwd
Removed methods¶ ↑
The following deprecated methods are removed.
-
Dir.exists?
[Feature #17391] -
File.exists?
[Feature #17391] -
Kernel#=~
[Feature #15231] -
Kernel#taint
,Kernel#untaint
,Kernel#tainted?
[Feature #16131] -
Kernel#trust
,Kernel#untrust
,Kernel#untrusted?
[Feature #16131] -
Method#public?
,Method#private?
,Method#protected?
,UnboundMethod#public?
,UnboundMethod#private?
,UnboundMethod#protected?
[Bug #18729] [Bug #18751] [Bug #18435]
Source code incompatibility of extension libraries¶ ↑
-
Extension libraries provide PRNG, subclasses of
Random
, need updates. See [PRNG update] below for more information. [Bug #19100]
Error printer¶ ↑
-
Ruby no longer escapes control characters and backslashes in an error message. [Feature #18367]
Constant lookup when defining a class/module¶ ↑
-
When defining a class/module directly under the
Object
class by class/module statement, if there is already a class/module defined byModule#include
with the same name, the statement was handled as “open class” in Ruby 3.1 or before. Since Ruby 3.2, a new class is defined instead. [Feature #18832]
Stdlib compatibility issues¶ ↑
-
Psych no longer bundles libyaml sources. And also Fiddle no longer bundles libffi sources. Users need to install the libyaml/libffi library themselves via the package manager like apt, yum, brew, etc.
Psych and fiddle supported the static build with specific version of libyaml and libffi sources. You can build psych with libyaml-0.2.5 like this.
$ ./configure --with-libyaml-source-dir=/path/to/libyaml-0.2.5
And you can build fiddle with libffi-3.4.4 like this.
$ ./configure --with-libffi-source-dir=/path/to/libffi-3.4.4
-
Check cookie name/path/domain characters in
CGI::Cookie
. [CVE-2021-33621] -
URI.parse
return empty string in host instead of nil. [sec-156615]
C API updates¶ ↑
Updated C APIs¶ ↑
The following APIs are updated.
-
PRNG update
rb_random_interface_t
in ruby/random.h updated and versioned. Extension libraries which use this interface and built for older versions need to rebuild with addinginit_int32
function.
Added C APIs¶ ↑
-
VALUE rb_hash_new_capa(long capa)
was added to created hashes with the desired capacity. -
rb_internal_thread_add_event_hook
andrb_internal_thread_add_event_hook
were added to instrument threads scheduling. The following events are available:-
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_STARTED
-
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_READY
-
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_RESUMED
-
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_SUSPENDED
-
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_EXITED
-
-
rb_debug_inspector_current_depth
andrb_debug_inspector_frame_depth
are added for debuggers.
Removed C APIs¶ ↑
The following deprecated APIs are removed.
-
rb_cData
variable. -
“taintedness” and “trustedness” functions. [Feature #16131]
Implementation improvements¶ ↑
-
Fixed several race conditions in
Kernel#autoload
. [Bug #18782] -
Cache invalidation for expressions referencing constants is now more fine-grained.
RubyVM.stat(:global_constant_state)
was removed because it was closely tied to the previous caching scheme where setting any constant invalidates all caches in the system. New keys,:constant_cache_invalidations
and:constant_cache_misses
, were introduced to help with use cases for:global_constant_state
. [Feature #18589] -
The cache-based optimization for
Regexp
matching is introduced. [Feature #19104] -
Variable Width Allocation is now enabled by default. [Feature #18239]
-
Added a new instance variable caching mechanism, called object shapes, which improves inline cache hits for most objects and allows us to generate very efficient JIT code. Objects whose instance variables are defined in a consistent order will see the most performance benefits. [Feature #18776]
-
Speed up marking instruction sequences by using a bitmap to find “markable” objects. This change results in faster major collections. [Feature #18875]
JIT¶ ↑
YJIT¶ ↑
-
YJIT is no longer experimental
-
Has been tested on production workloads for over a year and proven to be quite stable.
-
-
YJIT now supports both x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs on Linux, MacOS, BSD and other UNIX platforms.
-
This release brings support for Mac M1/M2, AWS Graviton and Raspberry Pi 4.
-
-
Building YJIT now requires Rust 1.58.0+. [Feature #18481]
-
In order to ensure that CRuby is built with YJIT, please install
rustc
>= 1.58.0 before running./configure
-
Please reach out to the YJIT team should you run into any issues.
-
-
Physical memory for JIT code is lazily allocated. Unlike Ruby 3.1, the RSS of a Ruby process is minimized because virtual memory pages allocated by
--yjit-exec-mem-size
will not be mapped to physical memory pages until actually utilized by JIT code. -
Introduce Code
GC
that frees all code pages when the memory consumption by JIT code reaches--yjit-exec-mem-size
.-
RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
returns CodeGC
metrics in addition to existinginline_code_size
andoutlined_code_size
keys:code_gc_count
,live_page_count
,freed_page_count
, andfreed_code_size
.
-
-
Most of the statistics produced by
RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
are now available in release builds.-
Simply run ruby with
--yjit-stats
to compute and dump stats (incurs some run-time overhead).
-
-
YJIT is now optimized to take advantage of object shapes. [Feature #18776]
-
Take advantage of finer-grained constant invalidation to invalidate less code when defining new constants. [Feature #18589]
-
The default
--yjit-exec-mem-size
is changed to 64 (MiB). -
The default
--yjit-call-threshold
is changed to 30.
MJIT¶ ↑
-
The MJIT compiler is re-implemented in Ruby as
ruby_vm/mjit/compiler
. -
MJIT compiler is executed under a forked Ruby process instead of doing it in a native thread called MJIT worker. [Feature #18968]
-
As a result, Microsoft Visual Studio (MSWIN) is no longer supported.
-
-
MinGW is no longer supported. [Feature #18824]
-
Rename
--mjit-min-calls
to--mjit-call-threshold
. -
Change default
--mjit-max-cache
back from 10000 to 100.